CHAPTER 5 CHANGES ON THE WESTERN FRONTIER CHAPTER 6 A NEW INDUSTRIAL AGE

CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 5

CHANGES ON THE WESTERN CHANGES ON THE WESTERN FRONTIERFRONTIER

CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 6

A NEW INDUSTRIAL AGEA NEW INDUSTRIAL AGE

Native Americans lived on the Great Plains, the grasslands in the west-central portion of the United States. They followed a way of life that centered on the horse and buffalo. The horse allowed them to hunt more easily and to travel farther. The buffalo provided food, clothing, shelter, and other important items.

Vast grassland that extends Vast grassland that extends through the central portion of through the central portion of

North AmericaNorth America

ANS—Great PlainsANS—Great Plains

Along the Great Plains, Native Americans andwhite settlers often clashed—mainly over land and resources. To deal with the Native American problem, the U.S. government adopted a plan of assimilation. In this plan, Native Americans would give up their beliefs and culture and become part of white culture (assimilation). Congress passed the Dawes Act in 1887. The act broke up reservations and gave some of the land to each Native American family for farming. The plan, however, failed. Native Americans were cheated out of the best land. As a result, they had little success farming. Worse yet, by 1900, whites had killed nearly all the buffalo. Native Americans depended on the buffalo for their food, clothing, and shelter.

Law that attempted to Law that attempted to “Americanize” the Native “Americanize” the Native

Americans by making them Americans by making them farmers.farmers.

Ans—Ans—Dawes ActDawes Act

Sitting Bull, an important Sioux leader, defeated army troops led by George A. Custer, at the Little Bighorn River. The Sioux won decisively, killing Custer and all his soldiers.

Colonel who lost at the Battle of Little Big HornColonel who lost at the Battle of Little Big Horn

ANS--Colonel George CusterANS--Colonel George Custer

Battle who Sioux led by Crazy Battle who Sioux led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull Defeated Horse and Sitting Bull Defeated

Custer.Custer.

Ans—Battle of Little Big Horn.Ans—Battle of Little Big Horn.

The Sioux adopted a ritual called the Ghost Dance which they hoped would bring the buffalo back. This made the Army nervous. In 1890 they rounded up a group of Sioux including Sitting Bull. When they tried to take the Sioux’s weapons a fight broke out. Army troops killed 300 unarmed Sioux in the Battle of Wounded Knee.

Massacre of Native Americans by Massacre of Native Americans by US Soldiers. Last major conflict US Soldiers. Last major conflict between Indians and US Army.between Indians and US Army.

Ans—Wounded KneeAns—Wounded Knee

Cattle ranching became a big business after the Civil War. Ranchers raised longhorns, a sturdy breed first brought to the Americas by the Spanish. American cowboys learned from vaqueros, the first cowboys who worked on Spanish ranches in Mexico. Growing cities spurred the demand for beef. Cattle ranchers drove their cattle over the Chisholm Trail from San Antonio, Texas, to Kansas where they were shipped by rail to Chicago. Between 1866 and 1885, about 55,000 cowboys worked the plains. About 12 percent of these cowboys were Mexican. About 25 percent were African American.

More and more people migrated to the Great Plains with the building of the transcontinental railroads. In 1867, the Central Pacific company began laying tracks east from Sacramento, California. Another railroad company, the Union Pacific, began laying tracks west from Omaha, Nebraska. Much of the work was done by Irish and Chinese immigrants. In 1869, the two routes met at Promontory, Utah. America’s first transcontinental railroad was finished. The railroad companies sold some of their land at low prices to settlers willing to farm it. Some companies even recruited people from Europe to settle on the land. In addition, a growing number of people were responding to the Homestead Act of 1862. Under this law, the government offered 160 acres of free land to anyone who would farm it for five years. By 1900, the Great Plains was filled with more than 400,000 homesteaders, or settlers on this free land.

A railroad line completed in A railroad line completed in 1869 that connected east and 1869 that connected east and

west coasts in US.west coasts in US.

Ans—Transcontinental RRAns—Transcontinental RR

Law that gave 160 free acres of Law that gave 160 free acres of land to person if they made land to person if they made

improvements and lived on land improvements and lived on land for 5 years.for 5 years.

Ans—Homestead ActAns—Homestead Act

Farmers faced serious problems after the Civil War. The prices they could sell their crops for kept going down. Many farmers joined together to push for reform. In 1867, a farmer named Oliver Hudson Kelley started an organization that became known as the Grange. Its original purpose was to providea place for farm families to discuss social and educational issues. By the 1870s, however, Grange members spent most of their time and energy fighting the railroads.

A social and educational A social and educational organization where farmers organization where farmers attempted to fight Railroads.attempted to fight Railroads.

Ans--GrangeAns--Grange

From 1850 to 1900, the number of people living west of the Mississippi River grew from 1 percent of the nation’s population to almost 30 percent. These new settlers had to endure many hardships. The Great Plains did not have many trees. As a result, people built what became known as soddys. These homes were dug into the side of hills or made from sod. A soddy was warm in winter and cool in summer.

In 1892, the Populist Party, or People’s Party was created This party was the beginning of Populism. This was a movement to gain more political and economic power for common people. The Populist Party pushed for reforms to help farmers. It also called for reforms to make government more democratic. These reforms included direct election of senators and a secret ballot to stop cheating in voting.

Late 19 cent political movement Late 19 cent political movement demanding people have a greater demanding people have a greater

voice in government. The voice in government. The People’s party.People’s party.

Ans--PopulistsAns--Populists

Political parties began to choose candidates for the 1896presidential election. One important issue was whether the country’s paper money should be backed with both gold and silver. The central issue of the campaign was which metal would be the basis of the nation’s monetary system. On one side were the “silverites” who favored bimetallism, a monetary system in which the government would give people either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks. On the other side were the “gold bugs” who favored the gold standard —backing dollars solely with gold. “Gold bugs” favored gold because using the gold standard would keep prices from rising. Silverites favored bimetallism because it would make more dollars available and therefore prices and wages would rise. Republicans were “gold bugs.” They elected William McKinley for president. The Democrats and the Populists both favored bimetallism. Both parties nominated William Jennings Bryan. At the Democratic convention, Bryan delivered an emotional speech, known as the “Cross of Gold” speech, in support of bimetallism. McKinley’s election brought an end to Populism.

Democratic Presidential candidate Democratic Presidential candidate in 1896 also supported by in 1896 also supported by

Populists. Gave Cross of Gold Populists. Gave Cross of Gold Speech.Speech.

Ans—William Jennings BryanAns—William Jennings Bryan

A monetary system in which the A monetary system in which the basic unit of currency is defined basic unit of currency is defined

in terms of gold.in terms of gold.

Ans—Gold StandardAns—Gold Standard

Republican Presidential Candidate Republican Presidential Candidate who won election in 1896 and who won election in 1896 and

support the Gold Standard.support the Gold Standard.

Ans- William McKinleyAns- William McKinley

Chapter 5Chapter 5Culture Clash Culture Clash

on the Prairie & Settling on on the Prairie & Settling on the Great Plainsthe Great Plains

Objectives for Ch 5

1. Analyze the settlement of the Great Plains during the later 1800s

2. Examine Native-American policies, private property rights, and the populist movement

Reasons white settlers moved Reasons white settlers moved to the Great Plains during the to the Great Plains during the

1919thth century? century?

BlackBlack“Exoduster”“Exoduster”HomesteadeHomesteade

rsrs

What are the Great Plains?What are the Great Plains?

• Vast grassland that extends through the central portion of North America

If settlers are moving to the If settlers are moving to the Great Plains, which group of Great Plains, which group of people are ALREADY living people are ALREADY living

there?there?

Why were restrictions placed by Why were restrictions placed by the Gov’t on Native-Americans?the Gov’t on Native-Americans?

Remember the Trail of Tears???Remember the Trail of Tears???Now Native-Americans are being Now Native-Americans are being

pushed off their land AGAIN!!pushed off their land AGAIN!!

• Treaties created land boundaries for N.A.

• Consequence?– Land Wars (whites vs.

N.A.)

Gov’t needed to do something Gov’t needed to do something about “Native” problem……about “Native” problem……Solution = ASSIMILATIONSolution = ASSIMILATION

What do you notice…..What do you notice…..

As we go through these imagesAs we go through these images

Regarding the way Natives look in these picturesRegarding the way Natives look in these pictures(Notice their hair, clothing, etc)(Notice their hair, clothing, etc)

3. What was the Gov’t Policy3. What was the Gov’t Policy of Assimilation? of Assimilation?

• Assimilation = N.A. would give up their beliefs & way of life to become part of white culture.

Carlisle Indian School Carlisle Indian School “Kill the Indian and Save the Man”“Kill the Indian and Save the Man”

Impact of Cultural AssimilationThen and Now….Then and Now….

More Recent Struggles for Native-Americans in Professional Sports

4. Assimilation = Dawes Act (1887)4. Assimilation = Dawes Act (1887)• Attempt to

“Americanize” N.A.• Broke up land

reservations (160 acres to head of household)

• FAILED= N.A. were cheated out of the best land.

Were Native-American cultures Were Native-American cultures that different from White that different from White

Settlers?Settlers?

Culture of the Plains Indians

Buffalo & HorseSource of food,clothes, shelter,

and transportation

Family LifeCommunity &

gov’t property,Individualism valued

BeliefsFocus

on the present, world inhabited

by sprits

IF Native-

American culture

is DIFFERENT

than white

settlers….what

can we predict

will happen????

IF Native-

American culture

is DIFFERENT

than white

settlers….what

can we predict

will happen????

What events helped shape the What events helped shape the settling of the Great Plains?settling of the Great Plains?

Events that shaped Great PlainsEvents that shaped Great Plains

Transcontinental Railroad

(4 time zones)

Barbed Wire

Use of steel plow

Availability of cheap land

Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad

Time zones in the U.S.Time zones in the U.S.

PACIFIC MOUNTAIN CENTRAL EASTERN

Barbed WireBarbed WireBarbed WireBarbed Wire

Joseph GliddenJoseph Glidden

One of richest men in One of richest men in AmericaAmerica

Joseph GliddenJoseph Glidden

One of richest men in One of richest men in AmericaAmerica

New AgriculturalNew AgriculturalTechnologyTechnology

New AgriculturalNew AgriculturalTechnologyTechnology

““Prairie Fan”Prairie Fan”Water PumpWater Pump

Steel Plow [“Sod Buster”]Steel Plow [“Sod Buster”]

It’s not easy being a farmer!It’s not easy being a farmer!

Prices for crops decreasing/difficult to pay mortgage

Land becoming scarce

Railroads taking advantage (high rates)

Creation of Farmer’s Alliance

Creation of Grange (education-based)

Democratic Reforms

Populist Movement: Farmers Movement

““Plight of the Farmers”Plight of the Farmers”

Did you know….Did you know….Since the 1960s historians and economists have explored the bimetallism symbolism in The Wizard of Oz. The original 1900 book centers on a yellow brick road (gold), traversed by magical silver slippers (the 1939 movie changed them to ruby slippers), as Dorothy leads a political coalition of farmers (Scarecrow), workers (Tin Woodman) and politicians (Cowardly Lion) to petition the President (Wizard) in the capital city of Oz (the abbreviation for ounce, a common unit of measure for precious metal). The real enemy of the little people (Munchkins) is the giant corporation or Trust (Wicked Witch of the West), whom Dorothy dissolves, just as the progressives of the era tried to dissolve the corporate trusts.

Chapter 6: Chapter 6: The Expansion of IndustryThe Expansion of Industry

Where Are We on Timeline?Where Are We on Timeline?

Civil War 1861-1865

18001900

1869-1900

Essential Question for Chapter 6Essential Question for Chapter 6

What are the effects of various scientific discoveries and manufacturing innovations on the nature of work, the American labor movement, and business?

What factors led to What factors led to industrialization? industrialization?

1. Abundance of natural resources

2. Gov’t support of business

3. Growing urban population (provided cheap labor source)

Black Gold Sparks Oil Boom• ((BLACK GOLD = Oil BLACK GOLD = Oil ) One of ) One of

the more important natural the more important natural resourcesresources

• In 1859, In 1859, Edwin L. Drake Edwin L. Drake used used a steam engine to drill for oil. a steam engine to drill for oil. – RESULT= Oil refineries RESULT= Oil refineries

transform oil to kerosene and transform oil to kerosene and eventually gasolineeventually gasoline

Bessemer Steel Process/ Bessemer Steel Process/ Impact of SteelImpact of Steel

• Bessemer steel process used iron ore to make steel – Cheaper & Quicker Method

• Uses of Steel???: – Railroads– Bridges– Skyscrapers– Coal production increased

The Birth of a Steel Town,The Birth of a Steel Town, 1866-1906 1866-1906

Inventions of the 19Inventions of the 19thth Century Century

What kind of impact did these What kind of impact did these inventions have in the U.S.? inventions have in the U.S.?

Inventions PromoteChange in U.S.

Thomas Edison*Perfected the light bulb & system for electrical power

Alexander Graham Bell

*invented the telephone & typewriter

Cyrus McCormick

* Invented the mechanical reaper

Joseph Glidden*Invented barbed wire

Effect= Save time, money, and created jobs

The Impact of the Railroad in the U.S.The Impact of the Railroad in the U.S.(The good and the bad)(The good and the bad)

Rapid GrowthOf Railroads

Easy for peopleTo travel

(ex: Pullman Palace)

Corruption(High rates for farmers)

Regulation of Industry

(to decreaseCorruption)

Helped newIndustries grow

(ex. Steel, lumber)

Growth of Towns & cities

The Pullman Palace (Sleeping Cars)The Pullman Palace (Sleeping Cars)

George M. Pullman

Who Built the Transcontinental Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad Out West??Railroad Out West??

The Chinese & Transcontinental Railroad

Although the railroads paid all their employees poorly, Asians usually earned less than whites. The average pay for whites working a ten-hour day was $40 to $60 a month plus free meals. Chinese immigrants hired by the Central Pacific performed similar tasks from dawn to dusk for about $35 a month—and they had to supply their own food.

The immigrants’ working conditions were miserable, as depicted by artist Jake Lee below. In1866, for example, the railroad hired them to dig a tunnel through a granite mountain. For five months of that year, the Chinese lived and worked in camps surrounded by banks of snow. The total snowfall reached over 40 feet. Hundreds of the men were buried in avalanches or later found frozen, still clutching their shovels or picks.

Why It Matters Now???Why It Matters Now???• Railroads made possible the expansion of

industry across the U.S.

4. Railroad Abuses/Interstate Commerce Act

Railroad Abuses

•Set high shipping prices

= put farmers into debt

* Credit Mobilier Scandal

* Bribe members of Congress (To look the other way)

Granger Laws

Interstate Commerce Act

•Gov’t regulation to protect the public interest.

•Gov’t could supervise RR activity (via Interstate Commerce Commission.)

Political Cartoon AnalysisPolitical Cartoon Analysis“The Modern Colossus of Railroads”“The Modern Colossus of Railroads”

William Vanderbuilt (center)

Jay GouldCyrus W. Fields

Why are the reins on the actual tracks?

Why are reins on the railroad cars?

Trust = Combination of companies to reduce competition

In the years after the Civil War, advances in technology began to change the nation. There were three causes of these advances: a large supply of natural resources, an explosion of inventions, and a growing city population that wanted the new products. One of the more important natural resources was oil. In 1840 a Canadian geologist discovered that kerosene could be used to light lamps. Kerosene was produced from oil. This increased Americans’ demand for oil. In 1859, Edwin L. Drake used a steam engine to drill for oil. Oil produced yet another product— gasoline. At first, gasoline was thrown away. However, when the automobile became popular, gasoline was in great demand.

In addition to oil, Americans discovered that their nation was rich in coal and iron. Iron is a strong metal. However, it is heavy and tends to break and rust. Researchers eventually removed the element carbon from iron. This produced a lighter, more flexible metal that does not rust. It became known as steel. The Bessemer process, named after British manufacturer Henry Bessemer, provided a useful way to turn iron into steel. Americans quickly found many uses for steel. The railroads, with their thousands of miles of track, bought large amounts of the new metal. Steel was also used to improve farm tools such as the plow and reaper. Engineers used steel to build bridges. Steel also was used to build skyscrapers, such as the Home Insurance Building in Chicago.

A cheap and efficient process for A cheap and efficient process for making steel.making steel.

Ans—Bessemer ProcessAns—Bessemer Process

Beginning in the late 1800s, inventors produced items that changed the way people lived andworked. In 1876, Thomas Alva Edison established the world’s first research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. He used the lab to develop new inventions. Edison perfected an early light bulb there. He then worked to establish power plants to generate electricity.

Inventor of Light bulb and founder of General Electric. Inventor of Light bulb and founder of General Electric.

Ans—Thomas EdisonAns—Thomas Edison

The use of electricity changed America. By1890, electricity ran machines such as fans and printing presses. Electricity soon became available in homes. This led to the invention of many appliances. Cities built electric streetcars. They made travel cheaper and easier. Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson invented the telephone. Inventions had several positive effects. Machinesallowed employees to work faster. This led to a shorter work week. As a result, people had more leisure time. In addition, citizens enjoyed new products such as phonographs, bicycles, and cameras.

Inventor of the telephone.Inventor of the telephone.

Ans—Alexander Graham BellAns—Alexander Graham Bell

Railroads made it easier for people to travel long distances. They also helped many industries grow. The iron, steel, coal, lumber, and glass industries all grew partly because the railroads needed their products. Railroads also increased trade among cities, towns, and settlements. This allowed many communities to grow and prosper. George M. Pullman built a factory on the prairie outside Chicago. There, workers made the sleeping cars he invented for trains. The railroad industry offered people the chance to become rich. The industry attracted many corrupt individuals. One of the most well-known cases of corruption was the Crédit Mobilier scandal. In 1868, some officers of the Union Pacific railroad formed a construction company called Crédit Mobilier. They gave their company contracts to lay railroad track at two to three times the actual cost. They kept all profits. To prevent the government from interfering, they paid off members of Congress. Eventually, authorities uncovered the scheme.

One group angered by corruption in the railroad industry were farmers. Farmers (also called Grangers) were upset for a number of reasons. First, they claimed that railroadssold government land grants to businesses rather than to families. They also accused the railroad industry of setting high shipping prices to keep farmers in debt. In response to these abuses, the Grangers took political action. They convinced some states to pass laws regulating railroad activity. Members of the railroad companies challenged the states’ rights to regulate them. The battle reached the Supreme Court in 1877. In the case of Munn v. Illinois, the Court declared that government could regulate private industries in order to protect the public interest. The railroads had lost their fight. A decade later, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act. The act gave the federal government even more power over the railroads. The railroad companies, however, continued to resist all government intervention.

Law enacted that established the Law enacted that established the federal government’s right to federal government’s right to supervise railroads and other supervise railroads and other forms of interstate commerce.forms of interstate commerce.

Ans—Interstate Commerce ActAns—Interstate Commerce Act

Andrew Carnegie attempted to control the entire steel industry. Through vertical integration he bought companies that supplied his raw materials such as iron and coal, and railroads needed to transport the steel. He used horizontal integration by buying out or merging with other steel companies. Carnegie’s success helped popularize the theory of Social Darwinism. Based on the ideas of Charles Darwin, said that “natural selection” enabled the best-suited people to survive and succeed. Social Darwinism supported the ideas of competition, hard work, and responsibility.

Founder of US Steel. Founder of US Steel.

Ans—Andrew CarnegieAns—Andrew Carnegie

An economic system, based on the An economic system, based on the ideas of Charles Darwin, the ideas of Charles Darwin, the

unrestrained competition would ensure unrestrained competition would ensure survival of the fittest.survival of the fittest.

Ans—Social DarwinismAns—Social Darwinism

Most entrepreneurs tried to control competition. Their goal was to form a monopoly by buying out competitors or driving them out of business. John D. Rockefeller used the Standard Oil trust to almost completely control the oil industry. Rockefeller’s ruthless business practices earned him huge profits, but caused people to label him arobber baron.

Created Standard Oil. Controlled 90% of all oil produced in US.Created Standard Oil. Controlled 90% of all oil produced in US.

Ans—John D. RockfellerAns—John D. Rockfeller

In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act made it illegal to form a trust. The business boom in the United States avoided the South. Workers responded to business consolidation by forming labor unions. Many workers worked long hours under dangerous conditions for low wages. Women, children, and workers in sweatshops worked under especially harsh conditions. Two major types of unions made great gains. One was craft unions. Samuel Gompers formed the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1886. Gompers used strikes and collective bargaining, negotiations between labor and management to win higher wages and shorter workweeks. Eugene V. Debs believed in industrial unionism, a union of all workers in a single industry. He formed the American Railway Union (ARU). Debs and other workers turned to socialism. In 1905, a union of radicals and socialists was formed called the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).

Law that made monopolies or Law that made monopolies or other “restraints of trade” illegal.other “restraints of trade” illegal.

Ans—Sherman Anti-Trust Act.Ans—Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

Chapter 6Chapter 6Visual ReflectionVisual Reflection

Visual Reflection Ch 6Visual Reflection Ch 6

• Directions: As you view each power point slide (while listening to music in background), describe each image. Ask yourself, what do I see, what do I already know about this particular image, what kind of prediction can I make using this image. Each image will correspond with the number on your sheet.

#1: #1: Where are the men in this picture? What are they Where are the men in this picture? What are they doing? What do you notice about the background? doing? What do you notice about the background?

#2: #2: Who do you think the men on top of the boat are? Who are Who do you think the men on top of the boat are? Who are

the people on the bottom? What is the relationship between both the people on the bottom? What is the relationship between both groups of people?groups of people?

#3: #3: What information does this map provide? What information does this map provide?

#4: #4: Looking at this graph, what is the trend of Looking at this graph, what is the trend of raw steel production as the years progress?raw steel production as the years progress?

#5: #5: What is the invention shown below? What is the invention shown below? What kind of impact will this have? What kind of impact will this have?

#6: #6: What is the invention shown below? What is the invention shown below? What impact will this have? What impact will this have?

#7: #7: Looking at the key, what type of industry are Looking at the key, what type of industry are the largest % of billionaires making their money in?the largest % of billionaires making their money in?

% Billionaires1900

#8: #8: Why do you think the men to the left are Why do you think the men to the left are shown like this in the cartoon? What is the shown like this in the cartoon? What is the relationship? relationship?

#9: Describe the image below.#9: Describe the image below.

#10#10

Why do you think the men in the back of the Senate (congress) are shown larger than the actual congressmen in the picture? What can this tell us?