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I can explain how the clash of Central European monarchs led to war.
I can describe the impact of the Thirty Years War.
I can analyze how the causes of war are the same yesterday, today, and forever.
DLT:
Peace of AugsburgGerman princes determined religion of their
statesTension
Both Lutherans and Catholics felt threatened by Calvinism
Protestant UnionLutherans joined together
Catholic LeagueCatholics joined together a year later
Alliances are formed…waiting on the spark!
Huh? Religion causes war? Maybe.
Ferdinand II, future HRE and head of the Hapsburg family ruled BohemiaHe was Catholic, they were protestant
Bohemians did not trust ol’ FerdHe was a foreigner and a Catholic
Ferd closed some Protestant ChurchesThe Bohemian Protestants revoltedFerd sent in an army to crush the rebellionSeveral German Protestant princes took this
chance to challenge their Catholic emperor
The spark…was Ferd a turd?
1618-1648Conflict over religion, territory, and power
among European ruling familiesTwo main phases of the war…
Hapsburg TriumphsHapsburg Defeats
The Thirty Years’ War Begins
First twelve yearsHapsburg armies from Austria and Spain
crushed the armies of the German Protestant princes
Hapsburg put down a Czech uprising and defeated the German Protestants who supported the Czechs
Hapsburg Triumphs
Hapsburg DefeatsTide turned in 1630
with Protestant Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and his army of 23,000
Drove Hapsburgs out of northern Germany
The French Cardinals, Richelieu and Mazarin, joined the ProtestantsWHY?
Great damage to GermanyPopulation dropped from 20 million to 16
millionTrade and agriculture were disruptedEconomy was ruinedLong, difficult recoveryGermany would not be a unified state until
the 1800s
Results of War
Peace of Westphalia 1648Weakened the
Hapsburg states (Spain&Austria)
Strengthened France (gave German territory)
German princes independent of HRE
Ended religious warsNew method of
peace negotiation that we still use today
Catholic Empire would no longer rule over most of Europe
Europe was a group of equal, independent states
Marked the beginning of the modern state system
Most important results
Serfs in Western Europe slowly won freedom and moved to towns during the late Middle Ages
Serfs in Central Europe restricted from gaining freedom and moving to citiesThis way the nobles could produce a large
harvest and sell the surplus to Western Europe at a great profit
Economic Contrasts with the West
Nobles held down the serfs, but also blocked the development of strong kings
Kingdom of PolandLittle income, no law courts, no standing army
Holy Roman EmpireWeakened by the 30 Years’ War, no control of
German states, HRE had no real powerOttoman Empire
Reached its peak in 1529 and declined
Several Weak Empires
Hapsburgs took steps to become absolute monarchs
1st Conquered Bohemia and wiped out Protestantism, new Czech nobility pledged loyalty to them
2nd Ruler centralized govt and created standing army
3rd 1699 they had reclaimed Hungary from Ottomans
1711 Charles VI ruled a diverse groupCzechs, Hungarians, Italians, Croatians, and
GermansWore the Austrian, Hungarian, and Bohemian
crowns to keep the empire together
Austria Grows Stronger
Maria Theresa Inherits Austria 1717-1780Charles VI’s eldest
daughterCharles had
bargained with other leaders, making an agreement to ensure a peaceful reign
Instead, she faced years of war
Her main enemy: Prussia (north of Austria)
Ruling Family: HohenzollernsTheir ambition threatened to disrupt the
delicate balance of power in EuropeTheir land: German states of Brandenburg
and Prussia
Prussia Challenges Austria
Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg 1640 “Great Elector”Decided that having a
strong army was the only way to ensure safety
80,000 men to protect their lands
Permanent taxationWeakened representative
assembliesJunkers resisted, but
were then offered military positions
Frederick (II) the Great 1712-1786His father believed
he was soft (made him witness friend’s death)
Followed his father’s military policies
Softened some lawsReligious tolerationLegal reform
Believed ruler should be a father to his people
Frederick the Great wanted the Austrian land of Silesia because of its rich natural resources
He assumed Maria Theresa wouldn’t fight back
She went to the Hungarian nobles for aidGreat Britain also joined the Austrians to
fight their long time enemy (France), who was helping Prussia
Maria Theresa stopped Prussia, but lost Silesia in the Treaty of Aix-la-ChapelleWith Silesia, Prussia became a major European
power
War of the Austrian Succession 1740-1748
Maria Theresa made an alliance with FranceFrederick then signed a treaty with BritainNow Austria, France, Russia, and others were allied
against Britain and Prussia1756 Frederick attacked Saxony (Austrian ally)Every great European power joined the warFought in Europe, India, and North America (French
and Indian War)Didn’t change territories in EuropeBritish won, as France lost its colonies in North
America, and British gained economic dominance of India
Seven Years War 1756-1763
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