COLD WAR TIME PERIOD. The Cold War It’s Important Points After WWII, the United States played a...
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- Slide 1
- COLD WAR TIME PERIOD
- Slide 2
- The Cold War Its Important Points After WWII, the United States
played a vital role in establishing the United Nations, but found
itself in a Cold War with the Soviet Union & communism. The
Cold War as caused by several conflicting political and economic
ideologies, which resulted in Soviet expansion into Eastern Europe,
the division of Germany, the creation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact,
and the Communist Revolution in China.
- Slide 3
- The Cold War Its Important Points The United States fought the
Cold War with the Truman Doctrine, containment, and the Marshall
Plan which helped rebuild war torn Allies after WWII. Former
colonies experienced a rise in dictatorships. The Korean War &
Vietnam Wars were attempts by the United States to contain
communism. After the postwar (post-WWII) prosperity of the 1950s,
changes prompted by social protest and civil rights movements
altered American life in the 1960s and 1970s.
- Slide 4
- The Cold War Its Important Points The causes and consequences
of the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War include
The arms race (build up), Ethnic unrest, Independence movements in
former Soviet Union satellite nations, & Global decline of
Communism.
- Slide 5
- The Cold War Summary of What it Was The tense face-off between
the United States and the Soviet Union (and their respective
allies) was known as the Cold War. It was unusual for 2 main
reasons: it lasted for 40+ years and Americans & Soviets never
fired shots at each other. It was a contest between democracy and
dictatorship/Communism. The Soviets hoped to dominate the world by
converting governments to communism, a dictatorial political and
economic system that denied freedom and opportunity to its
citizens. The US committed to a policy of containment (stopping the
spread of communism) and promoting the growth of democracy in other
nations around the world.
- Slide 6
- Note about C/communism It can be confusing to see the word
communism sometimes appear CAPITALIZED and sometimes uncapitalized.
Lower-cased communism is the theory that the people will be more
equal if all property is shared. Upper-cased Communism is a
dictatorial political & economic system that denies freedom to
its citizens.
- Slide 7
- Churchill & The Iron Curtain (Background info) WWII left
many European colonial powers in ruins. Even Britain and France,
which had been on the winning side, had suffered physical and
economic damage. These countries quickly realized that holding onto
their colonies would be a difficult task while rebuilding at home
and dealing with the threat of the Soviet Union.
- Slide 8
- Churchill & The Iron Curtain (Background info) After WWII,
the Soviets took back Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The Soviet
Union refused to remove its troops from portions of Eastern Europe
that it had captured from the Germans. It took control of the
governments of East Germany, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, and Bulgaria. Governments sympathetic to the Communist
system ruled Yugoslavia and Albania.
- Slide 9
- Churchill & The Iron Curtain By 1946, Soviet Control of
Eastern Europe was strong enough to cause former British Prime
Minister Winston Churchill to say: [A]n iron curtain has descended
across the [European] continent. Behind that line lie all the
capitals of the ancient states of central and eastern Europe.
Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, and
Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie
in what I must call the Soviet sphere This speech marks the
beginning of the Cold War.
- Slide 10
- US Policy of Containment The Truman Doctrine Began when
President Truman announced the Truman Doctrine in March 1947. The
Truman Doctrine stated the US would help freedom-based nations that
were resisting Soviet domination. First applied in Greece (civil
war) and Turkey US gave economic aid Greek government defeated
communists Turks resisted Soviet pressure
- Slide 11
- US Policy of Containment The Marshall Plan Gave billions of
dollars to European countries to repair factories & mines.
Proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall Way US hoped to
promote democracy Nations receiving aid were required to spend some
of it with American companies
- Slide 12
- Arms Race US was the only country in the world with atomic
weapons UNTIL 1949! Soviets developed their own atomic bomb. Two
nations (US & USSR) began building large stockpiles of nuclear
weapons. Meant growing danger for the whole world
- Slide 13
- Cold War Military Alliances NATO (1949) (North Atlantic Treaty
Organization) BelgiumLuxembourg BritainNetherlands CanadaNorway
DenmarkPortugal France Turkey GreeceUnited States IcelandWest
Germany Italy WARSAW PACT (1955) Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia
East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Soviet Union (USSR)
- Slide 14
- Spread of Communism in Asia The Cold War soon spread from
Europe to Asia. When China came under Communist control in 1949,
many Americans began talking of an international Communist
conspiracy -- pitting the combined muscle of China and the Soviets
against the United States. In such an atmosphere, almost any
conflict anywhere in the world threatened to turn the Cold War into
a hot one.
- Slide 15
- HOT SPOT - Berlin After WWII, Germany was broken into 2
countries. East Germany was dominated by Soviets. West Germany was
supported by Western Europe & the US. Berlin was divided into 4
zones (1 Great Britain, 1 France, 1 US, 1 USSR) but was located
inside EAST Germany. 1948 Berlin Blockade - Soviets closed off
Berlin Berlin Airlift France, Great Britain, & US airlifted
supplies Almost a year. Soviets realized that the blockade wasnt
going to work, so they lifted the blockade.
- Slide 16
- Hot Spot - Berlin 1949-1961 Many East Germans fled their
country through Berlin. 1961 Berlin Wall was built First wall built
to keep citizens IN rather than enemies out. The Berlin Wall was up
until the Fall of 1989. Torn down as communism fell in Eastern
Europe Reagans Speech: Mr. Gorbachev Tear down this wall!
- Slide 17
- HOT WAR Korean War 1950 (Summer) North Korean (Communist)
troops invaded South Korean (Democratic) US (and UN forces) aided
South Korea; China (Communist; USSR ally/friend) aided North Korea
Fought for 3 years (1950-53); Never a peace treaty. Ending
boundaries of countries very close to what they were at the
beginning Drawn near the 38 th parallel. Demilitarized Zone on each
side of the border International tension with North Korea over its
nuclear weapons program continues to present danger.
- Slide 18
- In the US Another Red Scare McCarthyism in the Early 1950s
Americans were worried about Soviet spies being in the country.
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Investigated
disloyalty in the government, schools (universities), and
Hollywood. 1950 Joseph McCarthy Rep. Senator from WI claimed he had
a list of 205 communists who worked for the State Department.
Provoked huge sensation - witch hunts for communists began all over
America. McCarthy never produced any evidence to support his
claims.
- Slide 19
- In the US Another Red Scare McCarthyism in the Early 1950s
McCarthy kept making accusations for 4 years! He claimed the was
working to protect national security. Many Americans careers were
ruined as a result of McCarthys charges. 1954 - US Senate finally
condemned McCarthy for contemptuous conduct (conduct unbecoming a
member of Congress) and censured him. McCarthy lost popularity and
McCarthyism died out. Not long after that, McCarthy died.
- Slide 20
- Hot Spot - Vietnam France wanted to keep Indochina (Present day
Vietnam, Cambodia, & Laos). USSR backed Communist independence
movement leader Ho Chi Minh. France divided region into Vietnam,
Cambodia, and Laos (to appease the Communists) French forces still
occupied the area, but each state had its own government. 1954 -
Communist rebels defeated French forces; French left all together
soon after.
- Slide 21
- Hot Spot - Vietnam After the French left, Vietnam was divided
in two. US began helping newly formed democratic South Vietnam in
its struggle against Communist North Vietnam. Result of containment
policy At first, the US was just sending money and military
advisors, giving military advice, to the South Vietnamese. US did
not want communism to spread any further. Afraid of domino effect.
If one nation falls to communism, the one next to it will fall and
so on.
- Slide 22
- HOT Spot - Cuba 1959 Fidel Castro led revolution in Cuba that
turned it into a Communist dictatorship. 1961 US tried to overthrow
Castro Bay of Pigs Invasion Failed, miserably 1962 Soviets put
nuclear missiles in Cuba, just 90 miles from the tip of Florida.
Resulted in an extremely tense stand-off between the US and the
USSR AKA: Cuban Missile Crisis Both realized that if one were to
strike the other, it could escalate into WWIII. Compromise drawn:
USSR would remove missiles and base from Cuba. US would stay out of
Cuban affairs. Many Cubans have fled Cuba for the US. Cuba is one
of the few Communist states still in existence.
- Slide 23
- HOT WAR - Vietnam 1964 North Vietnamese attacked American ships
off the coast of NV Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Allowed President
Lyndon Johnson to take stronger military action. Johnson sent in
the first combat troops. This marks the beginning of direct US
involvement (TROOPS) in Vietnam.
- Slide 24
- HOT WAR - Vietnam 1965-1973 More than 8 million Americans
served in the military during the Vietnam War. Draft was instituted
People tried to dodge the draft by leaving the country. As a whole,
it affected the poor the worst, including many minority groups in
US. If you were in college, you could get out of going to war, but
most poor people could not afford college and, thus, were eligible
for the draft.
- Slide 25
- HOT WAR - Vietnam The VW was the first to be seen on TV and
viewed by the American public. Split the country between Hawks
(those who supported US involvement in the war) and Doves (those
who were against US involvement in the war). Doves were a HUGE part
of the counterculture movement in the US. Seemed to be a war that
the US could not win. Vietcong (South Vietnamese fighters,
guerillas who supported NORTH Vietnam) looked like everyday South
Vietnamese citizens Hard to recognize the enemy. Vietnam was like a
jungle; Different fighting tactics were needed and used Guerilla
warfare & booby traps.
- Slide 26
- HOT WAR - Vietnam January 1968 Tet Offensive Surprise attacks
launched on South Vietnam cities by Vietcong. Tet = Vietnamese New
Years holiday. Vietcong managed to infiltrate all the way down to
Saigon (which is WAY south in South Vietnam) In the end, US and SV
forces pushed the enemy back, BUT the Vietcong had own a MAJOR
political victory Tet Offensive showed that even with a half a
million US troops, no part of SV was safe from Vietcong attacks.
Turning point in war; More Americans started to protest it. Johnson
did NOT seek reelection in 1968.
- Slide 27
- HOT WAR - Vietnam When Nixon came into office, he widened the
war effort (at first), hoping to weaken the enemy. NV had used
trails in Cambodia to send supplies to their soldiers and Vietcong
in SV. 1969 Nixon ordered bombing on communist bases in Cambodia,
then US & SV troops invaded by land. Plunged Cambodia into
civil war In 1975 Khmer Rouge won civil war 1979 Vietnam invaded
Cambodia; Set up new communist govt. Nixon under pressure at home
began to turn war over to SV and withdraw US troops. Peace talks in
Paris In January 1973 Cease fire agreement reached 1974 Last of US
Troops left. Result (by April 1975) NV & SV became one,
Communist, Vietnam
- Slide 28
- Space Race 1957 Soviets launch Sputnik I into space 1 st
satellite 1961 USSR sent first human into space to circle the Earth
US formed NASA and began their own space program to keep up with
(or surpass) the Soviets Congress approved funds for NASA US strove
to become the leader in space travel July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong 1
st human to walk on the moon
- Slide 29
- Cold War Winds Down US had refused to recognize Mao Zedongs
communist government in China (since 1949) US recognized the
Chinese Nationalists now on island Taiwan. US gave arms and aid to
the Nationalists & supported their claim to being the
legitimate government in China. 1972 Nixon visited mainland China
1979 US and China finally established diplomatic relations (tension
had eased to allow this)
- Slide 30
- Cold War Dtente Dtente Lessening of tensions (specifically
between the superpowers US & USSR) May 1972 Nixon visits the
USSR (1 st President to do so since start of Cold War) Dtente in
play Dtente led superpowers to sign SALT Agreement Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks
- Slide 31
- Cold War Dtente Challenged 1979 Soviets invaded Afghanistan
sent there to set up a pro-Soviet government that had just seized
power. US condemned the invasion President Carter withdrew SALT II
Treaty from Senate approval hearings and the US boycotted the 1980
Summer Olympic Games in Moscow. Eventually, Soviets couldnt afford
to stay in Afghanistan and withdrew troops in 1989.
- Slide 32
- Cold War (Spend that money! See who wins this thing!) In 1970s
US started cutting back military budget Some believed we needed
less weapons due to dtente Others believed US was still at risk
spending should continue Ronald Reagan (1981) Pushed for higher
levels of military spending. Caused USSR to spend more money (Arms
Race continued) 1987 US & USSR signed Intermediate-Range
Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty limit medium-range nuclear arms.
- Slide 33
- Cold War (Spend that money! See who wins this thing!) Reagans
tough stand against Communism and the Soviets spending
extraordinary amounts of money on defense led the Soviets into so
much debt that they couldnt provide for Soviet citizens. People
within the Soviet Union started to revolt. Mikhail Gorbachev (came
to power in 1985) Glasnost policy allowed people to talk openly
without attack by the government.
- Slide 34
- Soviet Union Breaks Apart USSR broke apart in 1991 Commonwealth
of Independent States (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine) formed 15 New
Republics formed: Germany (unified), Poland, Czech Republic,
Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia/Herzegovina,
Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Macedonia US
emerged as the leading nation of power in the world. Has led to
struggles Should US use power to help others gain independence? US
became a target to take down by nationalist groups (like
al-Qaeda)
- Slide 35
- Also During the Cold War Throughout the World Independence
Movements were happening all around the world primarily on the
Asian & African continent. US & USSR would try to ally with
those newly forming countries. Some accepted the help of one or the
other, allying with one or the other. Some accepted help from both,
but would not ally with either. This allowed the US & USSR to
increase their pull & influence worldwide.
- Slide 36
- During the Cold War in US Civil Rights Movement 1954 Brown v.
Board of Education Topeka, Kansas Supreme Court decision ends
segregation in schools. (Over-turns Plessy v. Ferguson) 1955
Montgomery, AL bus boycott begins 1957 President Eisenhower sends
in National Guard soldiers to Little Rock, Arkansas to help 9 black
students enroll in a white school. 1961 Freedom Rides and other
peaceful protests happen throughout the South. 1964 Civil Rights
Act is passed; MLK, Jr wins Nobel Peace Prize 1968 MLK, Jr is
assassinated in Memphis, TN.
- Slide 37
- During the Cold War in US While in the early 1960s, the Civil
Rights Movement focused on voting rights, winning economic rights
became the focus in the late 1960s. Womens Rights Movement 1960s
& 70s Betty Friedan Feminine Mystique Described how society
pressured women to remain in the home and reject a career. Womens
Liberation Movement Women examined personal lives Led to a movement
for social and political change in workplace, education, and in
politics. Argued for rights like equal pay for equal work, less
governmental interference in private lives, and fairness of women
seeking political office or high achievement in academics.
- Slide 38
- During the Cold War in US Counterculture Movement Children of
postwar Baby Boom young adults Followers pushed for equal rights
for African- Americans, women and other minorities. Followers were
against the Vietnam War (Doves) 450,000 young people from all over
US went to Woodstock Music & Art Fair (1969) Peace, Love, &
Rock-n-Roll Hippies & Flower Children. Counterculture politics
tended to be very liberal Libertarian hardly any rules.