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Microbiology -Molecular biology -Genetics Physiology
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COMMON PROPERTİES OF LİVİNG ORGANİSMS
ZoologyBotany
Microbiology -Molecular biology-GeneticsPhysiology
Histology
Ecology
AnatomyCytology Embryology
Biochemistry
Morphology
TaxonomyVirology /
bacteriology
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Is it living or
nonliving?
What is Life ? What makes something living?
How can you constitute a building? A non living thing
How can you constitute a living organism? What kind of properties should it contain?
Figure 1.1
(1) Order
(2) Reproduction
(3) Growth and development
(4) Energy processing
(7) Evolutionary adaptation
(6) Regulation
(5) Response to the environment
(8) Movement
All forms of life share common properties
Properties of life include
1. Cellular structure All living things are made of cells.
Unicellular: single celled (bacteria, yeast).
Multi cellular- having many cells
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cells according to their structure
Prokaryote cell Eukaryote CellSimple cell: no nucleus (DNA in
cytoplasm)no membraned
organelles,Unicellular.e.g.
Bacteria
Advanced cell: have nucleus (with DNA)Have membraned organelles,Unicellular.e.g. Yeast parameciumMulticellular.e.g. animals
Nucleus
Nerve
Spinal cord
CellNerve cell
TissueNervous tissue
OrganBrain
OrganelleNucleus Molecule
DNA
Atom
Organism Brown pelican
Organ systemNervous system
Brain
Biosphere
EcosystemFlorida coast
CommunityAll organisms onthe Florida coast
PopulationGroup of brown
pelicans
Organism Brown pelican
2. growthconsistent growth and development controlled by inherited
DNA,
Increase in both size and number of cells.
How growth is different in plants and animals?
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
. Although they exhibit different types of movement, it can be active or passive.
3 movement or locomotion
4. Sensitivity or responsiveness
Ability to respond to environmental stimuli. Increase chance of living.
Physical or chemical response
5. adaptationEvolutionary adaptation—adaptations evolve over
many generations as individuals with traits best suited to their environments have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
6. feeding(nutrition)
all living things use food to use it in growth, energy, repair or maintainence.
Heterotrophs :organisms that take food from environment and change it in the body.
Autotrophs: organisms that produce complex organic molecules.
Both auto and heterotrophs
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
7. respiration
All living things use energy. Energy sources can be different. But cells use respiration to get energy(ATP).
a.Aerobic respiration: O2 is used for getting energy CO2 and H2O are formed
b.Anaerobic respiration: O2 is not used.fermentation
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
8. Excretion
Metabolic wastes in the cell and in the organism are thrown out by excretion.
Urea
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Larger molecules are broken down in to monomers to be used.
9. digestion
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
11. Reproduction
Ability to produce new organisms.
Asexual: reproduction from single organism(mitosis)
Sexual : reproduction of different sexes.(meiosis and fertilization)
Figure 1.4Ecosystem
Sunlight
CO2
Heat
Chemical energy(food)
Producers(such asplants)
Autotrophs
Water and mineralstaken up by tree roots
Cycling ofchemical nutrients
Decomposers(in soil)
Consumers(such asanimals)
Heterotrophs
CO2
O2O2
needs energy(ATP)
All chemical reactions in a living organism are called as METABOLISM.
12. metabolism
Figure 1.2Biosphere
Madagascar
Ecosystem:Forest in
Madagascar
Community:All organisms in
the forest
Population:Group of ring-tailed
lemursOrganism:
Ring-tailed lemur
Organ system:Nervous system
Organ:Brain
Tissue:Nervous tissue
Nerve
Spinal cordBrain
Organelle:Nucleus
Cell:Nerve cell
NucleusAtom
Molecule:DNA
Atom molecule cell tissue organ system organism population community ecosystem biosphere level
11. organization
13. Having DNAAs genetic material
an ability to control an organism’s internal environment within limits that sustain life, Homeostasis
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
14. Homeostasis
1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life
Cells are the level at which the properties of life emerge.
A cell can
– regulate its internal environment,
– take in and use energy,
– respond to its environment,
– develop and maintain its complex organization, and
– give rise to new cells.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.3
Membrane
DNA(no nucleus)
Organelles
Nucleus(membrane-enclosed)
DNA (throughoutnucleus)
We share common properties in general , but also we share similar chemical make up.
All living things are composed of atoms, elements, molecules and compounds.
• to understand life, it is important to understand the basic concepts of chemistry.
H
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1) Which of the following statements about the properties of life is false?
A) All organisms have the ability to take in energy and use it.
B) All organisms have the ability to respond to stimuli from the environment.
C) All organisms have the ability to reproduce.
D) All organisms have the ability to maintain a constant internal temperature.
2) Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which of the following sequences correctly lists that hierarchy from least inclusive to most inclusive?
A) ecosystem, population, organ system, cell, community, molecule, organ, organism, organelle, tissue
B) cell, molecule, organ system, organ, organelle, population, tissue, organism, ecosystem, community
C) organism, organ system, tissue, population, organ, organelle, community, cell, ecosystem, molecule
D) molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem
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