COMMON PROPERTİES OF LİVİNG ORGANİSMS

ZoologyBotany

Microbiology -Molecular biology-GeneticsPhysiology

Histology

Ecology

AnatomyCytology Embryology

Biochemistry

Morphology

TaxonomyVirology /

bacteriology

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Is it living or

nonliving?

What is Life ? What makes something living?

How can you constitute a building? A non living thing

How can you constitute a living organism? What kind of properties should it contain?

Figure 1.1

(1) Order

(2) Reproduction

(3) Growth and development

(4) Energy processing

(7) Evolutionary adaptation

(6) Regulation

(5) Response to the environment

(8) Movement

All forms of life share common properties

Properties of life include

1. Cellular structure All living things are made of cells.

Unicellular: single celled (bacteria, yeast).

Multi cellular- having many cells

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Cells according to their structure

Prokaryote cell Eukaryote CellSimple cell: no nucleus (DNA in

cytoplasm)no membraned

organelles,Unicellular.e.g.

Bacteria

Advanced cell: have nucleus (with DNA)Have membraned organelles,Unicellular.e.g. Yeast parameciumMulticellular.e.g. animals

Nucleus

Nerve

Spinal cord

CellNerve cell

TissueNervous tissue

OrganBrain

OrganelleNucleus Molecule

DNA

Atom

Organism Brown pelican

Organ systemNervous system

Brain

Biosphere

EcosystemFlorida coast

CommunityAll organisms onthe Florida coast

PopulationGroup of brown

pelicans

Organism Brown pelican

2. growthconsistent growth and development controlled by inherited

DNA,

Increase in both size and number of cells.

How growth is different in plants and animals?

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. Although they exhibit different types of movement, it can be active or passive.

3 movement or locomotion

4. Sensitivity or responsiveness

Ability to respond to environmental stimuli. Increase chance of living.

Physical or chemical response

5. adaptationEvolutionary adaptation—adaptations evolve over

many generations as individuals with traits best suited to their environments have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring.

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6. feeding(nutrition)

all living things use food to use it in growth, energy, repair or maintainence.

Heterotrophs :organisms that take food from environment and change it in the body.

Autotrophs: organisms that produce complex organic molecules.

Both auto and heterotrophs

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7. respiration

All living things use energy. Energy sources can be different. But cells use respiration to get energy(ATP).

a.Aerobic respiration: O2 is used for getting energy CO2 and H2O are formed

b.Anaerobic respiration: O2 is not used.fermentation

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8. Excretion

Metabolic wastes in the cell and in the organism are thrown out by excretion.

Urea

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Larger molecules are broken down in to monomers to be used.

9. digestion

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11. Reproduction

Ability to produce new organisms.

Asexual: reproduction from single organism(mitosis)

Sexual : reproduction of different sexes.(meiosis and fertilization)

Figure 1.4Ecosystem

Sunlight

CO2

Heat

Chemical energy(food)

Producers(such asplants)

Autotrophs

Water and mineralstaken up by tree roots

Cycling ofchemical nutrients

Decomposers(in soil)

Consumers(such asanimals)

Heterotrophs

CO2

O2O2

needs energy(ATP)

All chemical reactions in a living organism are called as METABOLISM.

12. metabolism

Figure 1.2Biosphere

Madagascar

Ecosystem:Forest in

Madagascar

Community:All organisms in

the forest

Population:Group of ring-tailed

lemursOrganism:

Ring-tailed lemur

Organ system:Nervous system

Organ:Brain

Tissue:Nervous tissue

Nerve

Spinal cordBrain

Organelle:Nucleus

Cell:Nerve cell

NucleusAtom

Molecule:DNA

Atom molecule cell tissue organ system organism population community ecosystem biosphere level

11. organization

13. Having DNAAs genetic material

an ability to control an organism’s internal environment within limits that sustain life, Homeostasis

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14. Homeostasis

1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life

Cells are the level at which the properties of life emerge.

A cell can

– regulate its internal environment,

– take in and use energy,

– respond to its environment,

– develop and maintain its complex organization, and

– give rise to new cells.

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Figure 1.3

Membrane

DNA(no nucleus)

Organelles

Nucleus(membrane-enclosed)

DNA (throughoutnucleus)

We share common properties in general , but also we share similar chemical make up.

All living things are composed of atoms, elements, molecules and compounds.

• to understand life, it is important to understand the basic concepts of chemistry.

H

C

O

N

1) Which of the following statements about the properties of life is false?

A) All organisms have the ability to take in energy and use it.

B) All organisms have the ability to respond to stimuli from the environment.

C) All organisms have the ability to reproduce.

D) All organisms have the ability to maintain a constant internal temperature.

2) Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which of the following sequences correctly lists that hierarchy from least inclusive to most inclusive?

A) ecosystem, population, organ system, cell, community, molecule, organ, organism, organelle, tissue

B) cell, molecule, organ system, organ, organelle, population, tissue, organism, ecosystem, community

C) organism, organ system, tissue, population, organ, organelle, community, cell, ecosystem, molecule

D) molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem