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Culture as a Normal Distribution
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US Culture
Norms and Values
Culture as a Normal Distribution
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US Culture French Culture
Norms and Values
A model of culture
Implicit Culture
Explicit Culture
Is a dynamic process of solving human
problems/dilemmas in the areas of
- Human Relationships
- Time
- Nature
About Culture
01/ The Car AccidentWhat happens to your friend?
01/ What Right has Your Friend?
A. My friend has a definite right as a friend to expect me to testify to the lower figure.
B. He has some right as a friend to expect me to testify to the lower figure.
C. He has no right as a friend to expect me to testify to the lower figure.
Universalism 普遍主義 対 Particularism 個別主義Individualism vs Communitarianism Individualism vs Communitarianism
Neutral versus AffectiveNeutral versus Affective
Specific versus DiffuseSpecific versus Diffuse
Achievement versus AscriptionAchievement versus Ascription
Sequential versus SynchronicSequential versus Synchronic
Internal versus External ControlInternal versus External Control
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04
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06
07
01/ Universalism vs Particularism 普遍主義 対 個別主義
• Consistency• Systems, standards
& rules, • Uniform procedures• Demand clarity
• Flexibility• Pragmatic, • Make exceptions• “It depends”• At ease with ambiguity
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20 40 60 80 100
Venezuela
Korea
Russia
China
India
Japan
Singapore
France
Iceland
Germany
Netherlands
Australia
United Kingdom
Sweden
USA
Canada
Switzerland
01/ Universalism ー普遍主義 Friend has no/some right and would not help
%
01/ Dilemma Reconciliation ジレンマの調和
Copyright or
Right to Copy ?
01/ Dilemma Reconciliation12-APR 1996 CIBS AMSTELVEEN TEL 0206401151 TO CIBS(The Center for International Business StudiesApril 12, 1996ATTN: Dr Fons TrompenaarsRE: The Letter of AppreciationDear Dr Trompenaars;I am very sorry for sending this letter of appreciation to you late
We are very pleased to let you know that your book, ‘Riding the Waves of Culture’ has been successfully translated in Korean and it gives us big help for developing our Group’s Globalization.
It is our great honor and thank you for letting us have an opportunity to use your masterpiece.
Sincerely yoursMr. Kim CheungExecutive DirectorGLOBAL MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE
01/ Dilemma Reconciliation
U P
Korean Organization = Particular Relationship
British Publisher =Universal Copyright
01/ Clashing Values
Universal Copyright
Particular relationship with organization
01/ Clashing Values
Universal Copyright
Particular relationship with organization
U
P
01/ Clashing Values
No reconciliation
option1.exe
Particular relationship with organization
(1,10)Universal Copyright
Sue them and lose money
01/ Clashing Values
No reconciliation
option1.exe
X(10,1)
Universal Copyright
Particular relationship with organization
Thank them for stealing!
01/ Clashing Values
Universal Copyright
Particular relationship with organization
(5,5)Split the
differenceAnd irritate
both
02/ Individualism 個人主義 versus Communitarianism 共同体主義
b) Another said: ‘If the individual is continuously taking care of his or her fellows then the quality of life for us all will improve, even if it obstructs individual freedom and individual development.’
a) One said: ‘It is obvious that if one has as much freedom as possible and the maximum opportunity to develop oneself, the quality of
one’s life would improve as a result.’
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EgyptMexico
IndiaJapan
FranceChina
SingaporeIndonesia
ItalyIcelandRussia
UKAustralia
FinlandNetherlands
DenmarkUSA
CanadaIsrael
02/ Individualism 個人主義の度合いPercentage opting for Individual Freedom
%
02/ Dilemma Reconciliation The Individual and the Team
Reward Individual
performance
Stimulate
Team
Co-operation
02/ Dilemma Reconciliation The Individual and the Team
Individual Motivation
Team Motivation
(1,10) Me, Myself and
Withholding Information
02/ Co-Opetition The Individual and the Team
Individual Motivation
Team Motivation
Team Mediocrity
02/ Co-Opetition The Individual and the Team
(5,5)
Go for the Small team
Individual Motivation
Team Motivation
Reward Teams for Individual Creativity
AND Reward
Individuals for Team
Work
02/ Co-OpetitionThe Individual and the Team
Individual Motivation
Team Motivation
(10,10)
01/ Co-Opetition 協争
1. Mass-Customization1. Mass-Customization2. Co-Opetition3. It is Cool to be Emotional3. It is Cool to be Emotional4. Moments of Truth4. Moments of Truth5. Practice what you Preach5. Practice what you Preach6. Just In Time Synchronizing 6. Just In Time Synchronizing SequencesSequences7. Pushing through the Pull7. Pushing through the Pull
Universalism versus ParticularismUniversalism versus Particularism
Individualism vs Communitarianism Individualism vs Communitarianism
Neutral 感情中立主義 対 Affective 感情表出主義
Specific versus DiffuseSpecific versus Diffuse
Achievement versus AscriptionAchievement versus Ascription
Sequential versus SynchronicSequential versus Synchronic
Internal versus External ControlInternal versus External Control
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03/ Neutral 感情中立型 対 Affective 感情表出型
In my society, it is considered unprofessional to express emotions overtly.
Please select your position on the statement above:
a) Strongly agree
b) Agree
c) Be undecided
d) Disagree
e) Strongly disagree
03/ 感情中立型の度合いPercentage not expressing emotions overtly
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2428
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5155
6474
81
0 20 40 60 80 100
KuwaitEgyptSpain
RussiaArgentina
FranceItaly
BrasilUSA
UKSwedenPortugalDenmark
IcelandIndia
ChinaHong Kong
JapanEthiopia %
Universalism versus ParticularismUniversalism versus Particularism
Individualism vs Communitarianism Individualism vs Communitarianism
Neutral versus AffectiveNeutral versus Affective
Specific 関与特定型 対Diffuse 関与融合型 Achievement versus AscriptionAchievement versus Ascription
Sequential versus SynchronicSequential versus Synchronic
Internal versus External ControlInternal versus External Control
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02
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04/ Specific 関与特定型 versus Diffuse 関与融合型
Public
Private
04/ Specific 関与特定型 versus Diffuse 関与融合型
Public Public
Specific Relationship
04/ Specific 関与特定型 versus Diffuse 関与融合型
Public Private
04/ Specific 関与特定型 versus Diffuse 関与融合型
No Relationship
04/ Specific 関与特定型 versus Diffuse 関与融合型
Diffuse Relationship
PrivatePrivate
04/ Encounter Specific and Diffuse関与特定型と関与融合型の衝突
Public
Private
Danger ZoneDanger Zone
Private
The colleague argues:You don’t have to paint the house if you don’t feel like it.He is your boss in the company. Outside the company, he has little authority
The subordinate argues:Despite the fact that I don’t feel like it, I will paint
the house anyway. He is my boss and you cannot ignore it outside your work either.
04/ Specificity 関与特定型 A boss asking to paint his house
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ChinaNigeriaKuwait
VenezuelaSingapore
KoreaBelgiumGreece
ThailandMexicoJapan
AustraliaUSA
CanadaIceland
DenmarkNetherlands
Sweden
04/ Specificity 関与特定型の度合いWould not paint the house
%
Universalism versus ParticularismUniversalism versus Particularism
Individualism vs Communitarianism Individualism vs Communitarianism
Neutral versus AffectiveNeutral versus Affective
Specific versus DiffuseSpecific versus Diffuse
Achievement 実績主義 対 Ascription 属性主義Sequential versus SynchronicSequential versus Synchronic
Internal versus External ControlInternal versus External Control
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02
03
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05/ Achievement 実績主義 対 Ascription 属性主義
STATUS ?
What You Do Who You Are
05/ Achievement vs Ascription
•Family•Age•Sex•Education
05/ Achievement vs Ascription
‘The most important thing in life is to act as really suits you, even if you
don’t get things done’
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EgyptArgentina
Czech RepublicKorea
PolandJapanChina
RussiaMexico
Hong KongFrance
SwitzerlandGermanyDenmarkSweden
UKIceland
AustraliaUSA
05/ Achievement 実績主義の度合いPercentage not agreeing with acting as really suits you
%
06/ Time Orientation 時間傾向 Think of the past, present and future as being in the
shape of circles. Please draw three circles
representing past, present and future. Arrange these
circles in any way you want that best shows how you
feel about the relationship of the past, present and
the future. You may use different size circles.
06/ Time Orientation 時間軸Past, Present and Future
USAUSA FRAFRA
UKUK ICEICE
SPASPAJPNJPN
07/ Internal vs External Control
a. What happens to me is my own doing.
b. Sometimes I feel that I do not have enough control over the direction my life is taking.
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VenezuelaChina
RussiaKuwait
SingaporeIceland
IndiaJapan
GermanyKorea
ItalyBelgium
NLFrance
UKUSA
NorwayIsrael
07/ 内的コントロール型What happens to me is my own doing
%
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