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Cutting the Green IT Hype: Fact vs. Fiction
Kenneth G. Brill, Executive Director
Uptime Institute Inc
kgb@uptimeinstitute.org
Agenda
• What constitutes green IT?
• Innovative facilities ideas
• Direct current versus alternating current
• Water cooling versus air cooling
• Free cooling: Water versus air
• What is the business mission of IT?
• What constitutes green IT hype?
What Is Green IT?
• Energy and materials consumed in fabrication• Products (paper, hardware, components) • Data center building and site infrastructure
• Waste stream disposal• Energy source sustainability• Compute energy consumption
• Desktop and laptop (“beyond the data center”)• Servers, storage, network (data center)
• Site infrastructure energy overhead • Power + cooling
Data Center Energy Dashboard“As Found”
Waste
Best Practice
Efficiency
En
erg
y L
os
se
sData
Center Energy
Overhead
Site Infrastructure
Overhead
Compute
IT Hardware“Plug” Load
As Found Waste
Idle
Active
Productive Output
Hardware OverheadBest Practice
En
erg
y
Lo
sse
s
Data Center Energy Dashboard After a “Green Tune-up”
Best Practice
EfficiencyData
Center Energy
Overhead
Site Infrastructure
Overhead
Compute
IT Hardware“Plug” Load
Idle
Active
Productive Output
Hardware Overhead
Best Practice
• Increased IT asset utilization• Increased energy efficiency per IT watt• Increased use of IT and Facility Best Practices
Data Center Sustainability Is Determined By Zip Code
• Renewable energy sources (lowest GHG)• Wind, solar, tide (each is interruptible, space/land
intensive and can not be used for base load)• Geothermal, hydro (mostly continuous)
• Non-renewable energy sources (lowest to highest GHG)• Nuclear, natural gas, oil, coal
• Free-cooling: number of days depends on: • Zip code• Computer room temperature and relative humidity• Beware: Higher temperatures do not necessarily
save energy
“LEEDs” For Data CentersLeadership In Energy Efficient Design
• California Energy Commission is sponsoring development of Environmental Performance Criteria for data centers • Shifts the awarding of potential points toward
energy efficiency and away from bike racks• Protocol voting this fall
• Current U.S. Green Buildings Council LEED ratings are meaningless for data centers • Energy consumption 20-40x office buildings• Few people relative to building size• Outside air and windows are not necessarily
good solutions for computer room cooling
Two Locations For Measuring Site Infrastructure Energy Performance
• At the data center utility meter (must include
all forms of energy: electric, chilled water,
steam, diesel, one-pass cooling)
• At the IT hardware plug (however, UPS
output is easiest to measure and in most
cases is much more accurate)
Site Infrastructure Energy FlowEnergy Overhead = IN ÷ OUT
PrimarySwitchgear
PowerUtility
EngineGenerator
Plant
UPS
BatteryUPS Powered
Cooling Unit Fans
UPS Powered Critical Pumps
PDU
Chillers
Cooling Towers
Pumps
Cooling Units
Misc. Loads
Co
mp
ute
r E
qu
ipm
ent
Cri
tica
l Lo
ad
IN
OUT
Site Infrastructure Energy Overhead
• Ratio of energy into the data center versus what is delivered to IT hardware
• Overhead performance will depend upon: • Zip code (weather and season)• Equipment installed• Site asset utilization• Site infrastructure Tier level• Implementation of best practices
• Green Grid calls this number PUE (under revision), but has resulted in many misleading marketing claims and growing industry confusion
Data Center Energy Sources
• Electricity
• Natural gas
• Diesel fuel
• Free cooling
• Other (steam, chilled water, one-pass
cooling)
Energy Versus Power
• Energy is power over time
• Recommend using a 12 month moving
average
• Peak power determines required sizing of
component capacity
Site Infrastructure Energy Overhead
• Uncontrollable “as-built” factors affecting SIEO• Greenness of site energy sources• Site infrastructure design and component selection• Tier level and uninterruptible cooling• Weather and seasonal variation
• Controllable factors affecting SIEO• Increasing IT load as percent of site capacity• Cooling system optimization• Utilizing free-cooling capabilities• Implementation of best practices -- mainly cooling
Site Infrastructure Energy Overhead Typical Improvements
• Measure Site Infrastructure Energy
Overhead
• Correctly implement cold/hot aisle (28
steps)
• Bypass airflow <10% (seal cable cutouts,
install blanking plates, perf tile qty and
location)
Site Infrastructure Energy Overhead Typical Improvements
• Right size cooling
• Repair degraded cooling units
• Correct cooling unit setpoints (eliminate dueling
cooling units)
• Increase computer room IT intake temperature -- 77°F
• Turn off unneeded cooling
• Increase chilled water temperature
• Appropriately utilize free cooling
• Increase site capacity utilization
AC Vs. DC Power Flow
PrimarySwitchgear
PowerUtility
EngineGenerator
Plant
UPS
BatteryUPS Powered
Cooling Unit Fans
UPS Powered Critical Pumps
PDU
Chillers
Cooling Towers
Pumps
Cooling Units
Misc. Loads
Co
mp
ute
r E
qu
ipm
ent
Cri
tica
l Lo
ad
DC Power Improves Both Hardware And Site Infra. Overhead Efficiency
Waste
Best Practice
Efficiency
En
erg
y L
os
se
sData
Center Energy
Overhead
Site Infrastructure
Overhead
Compute
IT Hardware“Plug” Load
As Found Waste
Idle
Active
Productive Output
Hardware OverheadBest Practice
Direct Current Things To Consider
• IT Hardware
• Availability of hardware over life of site
infrastructure
• Premium for hardware with DC input (5x to 8x
product replacement vs. site infrastructure life
• Point of use DC vs. Data Center DC
• Voltage choices: 48 VDC vs. 750 VDC
• Code, fault protection and skills
• Water vs. air for cooling
• Water is 3,400 times more efficient
• Water to hardware (mainframe cooling)
• Water to back door or ceiling units (load
neutralization)
Cooling
Simplified Computer Room Heat Movement
Computer Product Environmental Limits
High Density Cooling Solutions (continued)
Liebert’s Vertical Top Cooler Supplemental System(up to 8 kWC per unit)
• “Open the windows” vs. Air Side or Water Side
Economizers
• Open vs. closed environment
• Relative humidity vs. reliability
• Energy cost of maintaining relative humidity in an
open environment
• Particulates and contamination
• Impact of neighbors (fire, dust, contaminants)
• Open is an OpEx play only (i.e., must still have
cooling CapEx for some portion of year)
Free-Cooling Choices
Heat Movement Holistic View
Air-Cooled Condenser Or Dry Cooler
Components include:
• Refrigerant or glycol
coils reject heat to the
atmosphere
• Fans
• Heat rejection capacity
drops significantly on
hot days
Cooling Tower -- Induced Draft Type
Components include:
• Tower and fill
• Fan
• Basin to catch cooled
condenser water
• Rejects most heat
through water
evaporation
• Fan rotation can be
reversed for deicing
Cooling Tower -- Forced Draft Type
Components include:• Tower and fill• Fan• Basin to catch to
cooled condenser water
• Rejects most heat through water evaporation
• Less appropriate for freezing climates
What Is The Mission Of IT?
• Business value vs. energy efficiency
• What will you get promoted/fired for?
• Saving energy?
• Causing downtime?
What Constitutes Green IT Hype?Reality Vs. Risk/Reward Balance
• Energy and materials consumed in fabrication• Products (paper, hardware, components) • Data center building and site infrastructure
• Waste stream disposal• Energy source sustainability• Compute energy consumption
• Desktop and laptop• Servers, storage, network
• Site infrastructure energy overhead• Direct Current• Water vs. air cooling• Free-cooling
Questions?
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