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Designing Participatory
GIS/SDSS
Piotr Jankowski
Department of Geography
San Diego State Universityhttp://geography.sdsu.edu/People/Faculty/jankowski.html
Lecture Outline
Public participation as organized activity Design framework Example of PPGIS designs guided by the
framework
Public Participation = Structured Activity
Deliberative-Analytic Processes
The deliberative component: provides an opportunity to interactively give
voice to choices about values, alternatives, and recommendations.
The analytic component: provides technical information that ensures
broad-based, competent perspectives are treated .
Structured Participation Procedures
Nominal group technique
(NGT)
Delphi process(DP)
Citizen panel / citizen jury
(CPJ)
Technology of participation
(ToP)
1. Goal statement
2. Brainstorm ideas
3. Clarify/negotiate ideas
4. Vote on idea priority
1. Goal statement
2. Generate ideas
3. Collect ideas4. Synthesize
ideas5. Playback
ideas6. Request for
further change
1. Listen to evidence
2. Discuss evidence
3. Negotiate positions
4. Vote5. Repeat until
reach consensus
1. Goal statement
2. Generate ideas
3. Collect ideas4. Cluster ideas5. Synthesize
ideas6. Label ideas7. Negotiate
idea priority
Approaches to Structured Participation
Step-wise Procedures for Four Methods of Structured Participation
Nominal group technique
(NGT)
Delphi process(DP)
Citizen panel / citizen jury
(CPJ)
Technology of participation
(ToP)
1. Goal statement
2. Brainstorm ideas
3. Clarify/negotiate ideas
4. Vote on idea priority
1. Goal statement
2. Generate ideas
3. Collect ideas4. Synthesize
ideas5. Playback
ideas6. Request for
further change
1. Listen to evidence
2. Discuss evidence
3. Negotiate positions
4. Vote5. Repeat until
reach consensus
1. Goal statement
2. Generate ideas
3. Collect ideas4. Cluster ideas5. Synthesize
ideas6. Label ideas7. Negotiate
idea priority
Comparing Methods
NGT DP CPJ ToP Participatory Activities
X X X Goal statement (context setting)
X X X Brainstorm items
X X X Negotiate (clarify) items
X X Synthesize clusters and label items
X Refine clusters
X X X Vote/poll
X Survey
X X Review/evaluation
Which Participatory Activities?Participatory Activities
Goal statement (context setting)
Brainstorm items
Negotiate (clarify) items
Synthesize clusters and label items
Refine clusters
Vote/poll
Review/evaluation
Other activities?
More Questions
Who participates?
What Social-Institutional Influences?
What Process?
What Data?
What Tools?
What Outcomes?
Assessment Framework for PPGIS
Convening Constructs Process Constructs Outcome Constructs
Social-Institutional Influence
Group Participant Influence
Data and Tool Influence
Task Outcomes
Social Outcomes
Appropriation Group Process
Emergent Influence
Public Participation as Social Interaction using Participatory GIS
Tools
(Nyerges & Jankowski, 1997, 2001)
Assessing Convening Constructs
Social-institutional influence Power and control Convening influence Rules and norms
Assessing Convening Constructs
Group participant Influence Participant values Knowledge of subject domain Attitudes towards technology
Assessing Convening Constructs
Data and Tool Influence Availability of relevant data Availability of information aids
Public participation as social interaction using GIS tools
Appropriation Group process Emergent influence
Summary of assessment framework
Assess:Problem contextParticipatory process Expected outcomes
Design Considerations
Settin
g
S
ynch
ronous
| Asy
nchro
nous
Group Size Small | Large
Te
chn
olo
gy
S
imp
le |
Co
mp
lex
Eliciting participant information needs
In-depth interviews with a diverse sample of participants
Personas – fictional composites that adequately represent the spectrum of diversity in backgrounds and perspectives among the stakeholders
Identifying data and tools
Data and tools as function of participant
information needs and process requirements
Process requirements guide the selection of
tools supporting information flow
Integrating data and tools
Process requirements Technological arrangements
Design example: community-based water protection zoning
Design example: community-based water protection zoning
Design example: Participatory Geographic Information System for Transportation (PGIST)
Step 1 Discuss [Transportation] Concerns
1a: Brainstorm Concerns
1b: Review Summaries
Step 2 Review Planning Factors
2a: Review Planning Factors
2b: Weigh Planning Factors
Step 3 Create Packages
3a: Review Projects
3b: Review Funding options
3c: Create your own package
Step 4 Evaluate Candidate Packages
4a: Review Candidate Packages
4b: Vote
Step 5 Prepare Group Report
Participatory Process:
Step 1 Discuss [Transportation] Concerns
1a: Brainstorm Concerns
1b: Review Summaries
Step 2 Review Planning Factors
2a: Review Planning Factors
2b: Weigh Planning Factors
Step 3 Create Packages
3a: Review Projects
3b: Review Funding options
3c: Create your own package
Step 4 Evaluate Candidate Packages
4a: Review Candidate Packages
4b: Vote
Step 5 Prepare Group Report
Agenda Builder
Value Organizer
Alternative Generator
Choice Modeler
Summary Generator
Future Challenges
Research QuestionsWhat are effective ways of eliciting public
values and perspectives in different problem settings?
How to combine formal knowledge with informal knowledge?
How to assess costs and benefits of technology in order to make good design choices?
Acknowledgements
Timothy Nyerges and the entire PGIST research team from University of Washington, University of Wyoming and San Diego State University
Amy Owen, Delta State University
NSF Information Technology Research Program
References
Jankowski, P., T. Nyerges, S. Robischon, K. Ramsey and D. Tuthill, 2006. Design Consideration and Evaluation of a Collaborative, Spatio-Temporal Decision Support System, Transactions in GIS, 10(3): 335-354
Nyerges, T., P. Jankowski, K. Ramsey and D. Tuthill, 2006. Collaborative Water Resource Decision Support: Results of a Field Experiment, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 96(4): 699-725
Jankowski, P., and T. Nyerges. 2001. GIS for Group Decision Making. Taylor & Francis, London
Nyerges, T. and P. Jankowski, 1997. Enhanced Adoptive Structuration Theory: A theory of GIS-supported Collaborative Decision Making, Geographical Systems, 4:3, pp. 225-257
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