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Freescale™ and the Freescale logo are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2009.
Energy Efficiency Management for Green Processing in Embedded Applications
July 2009
Nikolay GuenovPortfolio Management
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Why the Focus on Energy Efficiency?
►The global Information and Communications Technology (ICT) industry accounts for around 2.5% percent of global green house gas emissions – a figure which is expected to grow as technology becomes more pervasive1
►Global adoption of increasing numbers of telecom / broadband devices will continue to push energy consumption
Embedded processorsare in the heart of the systemsdriving global technologygrowth
It is imperative that significanteffort is extended in achievingbest performance-to-power ratio to ensure optimal energysavings
1ITU (http://www.itu.int/themes/climate/)
Global ICT Footprint by Subsector
Source: The Climate Group, Global Sustainability Initiative
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Governmental Regulation Mandates for Energy Efficiency
Examples of Key Regional Energy Mandates
Top Runner Energy Conservation Law Includes:
– Printers, storage, routers and switches
Energy using Product (EuP) Adopted many EnergyStar™ requirements Adding 1W AC initiative
Energy Star Weekly energy use Energy Star adds communication products - STB EPA organizes Energy Star Industrial Focuses
► Increasing number of industries / application segments are becoming focus for energy-efficiency improvements • PCs• Servers• Printers • Broadband equipment
► Equipment across the data center, telecom and networking space must focus on the new requirements for power management
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Governmental Regulation Mandates for Energy Efficiency
Examples of Key Regional Energy Mandates
Top Runner Energy Conservation Law Includes:
– Printers, storage, routers and switches
Energy using Product (EuP) Adopted many EnergyStar™ requirements Adding 1W AC initiative
Energy Star Weekly energy use Energy Star adds communication products - STB EPA organizes Energy Star Industrial Focuses
► Increasing number of industries / application segments are becoming focus for energy-efficiency improvements • PCs• Servers• Printers • Broadband equipment
► Equipment across the data center, telecom and networking space must focus on the new requirements for power management
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Energy Efficiency Drivers in Embedded Systems Market
► Fixed and mobile networks and end points must resolve unique challenges of peak and off-peak workloads while maintaining the “always-on” capability
► Many network nodes are unable to monitor, measure and log the utilization of resources and traffic load
• Without this information, temporary power reduction modes are difficult to implement
► Network nodes typically have a 7 to 10+ year architecture and deployment lifetime
• The mechanicals, power supplies and cooling systems are often fixed and cannot be upgraded during the lifetime of the node
► Limited air-flow and heat-sink heights result in challenging device “hot spot” thermal limitations
eNodeBLTE
SGW
IP/PBXPSTNRouters /
SwitchesStorage
Printers
Equipment (Medical, Industrial)
VideoSMB/Enterprise
Gateway
Media Hub
Network Storage
Residential Gateway
STB
DSLAM/MSAN BRAS
PON OLT
Cable CMTS
Modem
ONT
Iub3G UTRAN
2G GSM/CDMA
RNCRNC
RNCBSC
Node B
BTS
GSN
MGW
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Energy Efficiency Drivers in Embedded Systems Market
► Fixed and mobile networks and end points must resolve unique challenges of peak and off-peak workloads while maintaining the “always-on” capability
► Many network nodes are unable to monitor, measure and log the utilization of resources and traffic load
• Without this information, temporary power reduction modes are difficult to implement
► Network nodes typically have a 7 to 10+ year architecture and deployment lifetime
• The mechanicals, power supplies and cooling systems are often fixed and cannot be upgraded during the lifetime of the node
► Limited air-flow and heat-sink heights result in challenging device “hot spot” thermal limitations
eNodeBLTE
SGW
IP/PBXPSTNRouters /
SwitchesStorage
Printers
Equipment (Medical, Industrial)
VideoSMB/Enterprise
Gateway
Media Hub
Network Storage
Residential Gateway
STB
DSLAM/MSAN BRAS
PON OLT
Cable CMTS
Modem
ONT
Iub3G UTRAN
2G GSM/CDMA
RNCRNC
RNCBSC
Node B
BTS
GSN
MGW
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What Does it Mean to be Energy Efficient and Green?
► Power and Energy are not the same thing
► Power : Peak and RMS power supply requirement
► Energy: Thermal design and consumption cost
► Energy is dependent on nature of application
• IO and Cache result in core and bus stalls• Operation temp influences power consumption• Degree of cyclical nature of workload vary by
application
► Examples of a cyclical application • Instruments: medical, engineering, automation, POS• Routers: Home, SoHo, SMB• Office Automation: storage, printers, telephones
Power : PTOT = ISTATICV + aCV2FP1>P2E1=E2
Energy pacing to workloadCyclic Workload Description
Active workload Active state: e.g. printing, motion, routing
Light Workload System Management and services: e.g. networking management, calibration, web services
Dormant Does not mean dead: e.g. quick wake to key event, respond to network overhead traffic (ping, ARP, etc)
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Energy Scenarios
Main Job NetworkRouteractivity
System Mgmt& Services
Main Job
Packet-losslessDeep Sleep
Toda
y te
chno
logy
MPC
8536
Ete
chno
logy
~
~ ~~
~
System Mgmt& Services
System Mgmt& Services
Cyc
lical
Valu
edW
orkl
oad
~~
~
~JOG JOG
JOG
RUNRUN
Packet-losslessDeep Sleep
ActiveWork
Dormant DormantLightWork
LightWork
ActiveWork
LightWork
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Example – Impact on Broadband CPE
L2
L3
L4
Above
Line
rate
per
form
ance
Today Next Generation
Roadmap Time
Forwarding+
QoS
2nd CPU for NAPT
QoS +
Packet Modify
Deep packetinspection
Increasingperformance
Power management
IncreasedFunctionSoC
Increasingworkloads on SoC resulting in requirements for additional frequency power
Maintain bridging/routing throughput as WAN interfaces increase bandwidth
Content Management, QoS, ServicesEnablement, Security
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Today Next/Roadmap
10
Ultra-Low-End Platform
Low-End Platform
Mid-Range Platform
High-End Platform
P4080
MPC8569
P2020
P2010
MPC8536
P1020
P1011
Technology:
•45nm SOI process
•Multicore processor solutions
Architecture:
•Clock gating
•CPU core low power modes
•Dynamic Frequency Scaling (DFS)
•Wake on event
•Virtualization
Standards Initiatives:
• IEEE 802.3 Energy Efficient Ethernet Study Group
MPC8315
MPC8314
MPC8313
MPC8377
MPC8533
MPC8548
MPC8572
MPC8640
MPC8641D
Device discussed in this presentation
Energy Management & Green Embedded Processing in the Freescale Processor Roadmap
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45nm SOI Process – Power Savings
►Provides 50% savings in static and dynamic power over 90nm SOI
►SOI provides lower Ceff, allowing improved performance/power trade-off
►Multi-VTH transistor options• Multiple performance/power transistor
options available• Design flow and tools make use of
Multi-VTH transistors to optimize performance/leakage
►Transistor and gate-oxide optimization• Optimization of transistor and gate
dielectric provides reduced static power
11
FSL 90SOIFmax = 1.33GHz
PWR = 11 W
FSL 45SOIFmax = 1.65GHz
PWR = 6.6 W
90SOIVdd=1.0V
45SOIVdd=1.0V
Freq= +15-20%Pwr = -35-40%
Freq= 0%Pwr = -50%
FSL 45SOIFmax = 1.33GHz
PWR = 5.5 W
45SOIVdd=1.0V
or
Example of power savings for a “typical” PowerQUICC® product
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Architecture Approaches: MPC8315 Power Management
►Six-state power management capability• PCI power management compatible• Full-on state worst-case power 2.6 W• Intermediate states control CPU power saving modes• Lowest-power standby mode power is ~120 mW
Assumptions: Vdd +10%, IO Cap = 10pF
►Wake-up usage models supported in standby mode• Wake on LAN
System wake up from remote device on Ethernet • Wake on timer expiration
User programs record of “favorite broadcast / telecast”• Wake on External Interrupts or GPIO activity
Other external wake-up events, e.g. via remote control / control keys
►Not supported• Standby mode not supported when PCI in Agent mode• PCI Express power management• SATA Controller power management
Can command drives to power down ahead of transition to standby
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DDR 1/2 MemoryController
Local Bus
Coherent system bus
e300 core
16KBI-Cache
16KBD-Cache
SecurityProcessing Unit
Packetized I/O2x 10/100/1000
Ethernet
I/O2 SATA,
USB 2.0/PHYPCI/PCIe
DUART, Dual I²C,SPI, GPIO, Timers
SERDES
13
MPC8315E Block Diagram
► High-performance core for greater overall system performance
• e300 core from 266-400MHz with 16K D/I L1 cache
► Integrated I/O controllers to reduce chip count and BOM cost
• 16/32 bit DDR1/2 266MHz• 1 PCI 2.3, 32bit up to 66MHz• 1 USB2.0 (Host/Device with PHY)• 2 SATA I/II (3.0Gb/s) controllers• 2 x1 PCI Express v1.0a• 2 10/100/1000 enhanced Ethernet MACs
RGMII, RTBI, RMII, MII, SGMII muxed with PCIe• Multi-channel DMA controller
► Enables secure applications through an integrated security engine
• AES, PKEU, DES, 3DES, MDEU• Optimized for IPSEC & DTCP-IP
► Power Management• Low power standby mode
► Protocol Support• TDM – to connect to CODEC
MPC8315E
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MPC8315 Power Management - Functional StatesStates Remarks
D0 Active Identical to PCI D0 Active state
D0 Un-initialized Identical to PCI D0 Un-initialized state.
D1, D2 Optional power state of PCI PM supported by 8315 in both AGENT and HOST mode. [AGENT Mode idiosyncrasies see later]; e300 Core in Doze state.
D3 Hot Minimum power state with VDD ON. PME supported in both AGENT and HOST mode.
D3 Warm Additional state in HOST mode. All device powered down except for logic needed for wake-up. PCI bus switched off. No access to any PCI configuration space. No PME support
D3 Cold Identical to PCI PM D3Cold state
Dec
reas
ing
Pow
er D
issi
patio
n
Wake From State Wake up EventsD1, D2, D3 Hot Any activity on CSB: Any packet on eTSEC, Any activity on GPIO, Any external
interrupt, USB event, Any timer expiration …
D3 Warm MAGIC packet on eTSEC-1 (Wake-On-LAN); 2 External Interrupts; 2 GPIO signals; Expiration of timer (GTM)
D3 Cold Power on Reset
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MPC8536E Power Management:Deep Sleep
► Two power domains and power gating of the switchable supply through external switch
• Isolation cells within MPC8536E between power domains
► Implementation based optimization• VT optimization, clock gating
► Selectable wake-up• USB:
Device plug/unplug PHY power reset Activity on the bus
• Ethernet: Wake on magic packet reception Wake on packet filer
• Dedicated GPIO interrupt• Internal timer (PIC) interrupt
ON Blocks
USB
Ethernet
GPIO
VDD_PLAT GND
OFF Blocks
e500CPU
DDRMEMC
VDD_CORE GND
PMCWakeup events
Isolation Cells
Isolation Cells
VDD_P GND
Control
Constant Supply VDD_PSwitched Supply VDD_C
PIC/Timer
Cache
MPC8536E
POWER_EN
VDD_CORE
VoltageRegulator
POWER_OK(optional)
VDD_PLAT
VIN (5/12V)
VoltageMonitor
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MPC8536E Block Diagram►e500v2 Power Architecture® core
600MHz to 1.5 GHz • 512KB L2 Cache w/ECC• 36 bit physical addressing• DP-FPU, SPE
►System Unit• 64-/32-bit DDR2/3 up to 667 MHz data
rate w/ECC• Integrated Security Engine• Triple USB 2.0 high speed host/device • SD/MMC Flash interfaces • SPI and enhanced local bus• Dual 10/100/1000 Ethernet controllers • High speed interconnect
Triple PCI Express®
PCI • Dual SATA controller
►Advanced power management controller
• Nap, Doze, Sleep, Deep Sleep (@0.95W @ 35C)
• Power off to core and cache• Wake on LAN,/USB/GPIO/timer/external
signal• Isolated Power Planes
►Low Power Dynamic Operation (typical power estimate)
• CPU/Platform (Typ with IO)• 800/400 – @ 6.0W• 1000/500 – @ 7.0W• 1500/500 – @ 8.5W
CoherencyModule
512KBL2 Cache
Perf MonTimers
Async
Queue
64bDDR2/3 SDRAMController + ECC
EnhancedLocalBus SEC OpenPIC
MPC8536EPower
Management
SPIDUART2x I2C
SD /MMC
8 Lane SERDES
PCI-e2 Lane SERDES
GigabitEthernet
SGMII SGMII
GigabitEthernet
ULPI
USBHost/
Device
ULPI
USBHost/
Device
USB Host/
Device
ULPI
SATASATA
e500 core32KB
D-Cache32KB
I-Cache
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MSC8536 Clock Control and Low Power StatesFull On
Doze
Interrupts or Resets
State Processor Power ProcessorClocks
Snoops Responded
Interrupts Responded
Estimated Power Consumption
Full On or Jog On On Yes Yes Medium
Doze On On Yes Yes Medium-Low
Nap On Off(TimeBase clks On)
No Yes Low
Sleep On Off(except to PIC)
No Yes Very Low
Deep Sleep Off Off No Yes Ultra Low Deep Sleep 35C <1W typ.
Nap
Interrupts or Resets Interrupts
or Resets
DeepSleep
NapDoze
~READY,~ASLEEP ~READY,~ASLEEP ~READY, ASLEEP
NEW
DeepSleep
Interrupts or Resets
Sleep
Sleep
~READY, ASLEEP
MPC8536E Power ModesJOGREADY,~ASLEEP NEW
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MPC8536E: Deep-Sleep-Powered Blocks
► Multiple power planes• Core/L2 1.0V all Freq
(except 1.1V for 1.5G)
• Platform 1.0V all Freq• IO Various
Clocked blocksStatic blockPower off block
CoherencyModule
512KBL2 Cache
Perf MonTimers
Async
Queue
64bDDR2/3 SDRAMController + ECC
EnhancedLocalBus SEC OpenPIC
Power Management
SPIDUART2x I2C
SD /MMC
8 Lane SERDES
PCI-e2 Lane SERDES
GigabitEthernet
SGMII SGMII
GigabitEthernet
ULPI
USBHost/
Device
ULPI
USBHost/
Device
USB Host/
Device
ULPI
SATASATA
e500 core32KB
D-Cache32KB
I-Cache
GPIO
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MPC8536E: Deep-Sleep-Powered Blocks
► Multiple power planes• Core/L2 1.0V all Freq
(except 1.1V for 1.5G)
• Platform 1.0V all Freq• IO Various
Clocked blocksStatic blockPower off block
CoherencyModule
512KBL2 Cache
Perf MonTimers
Async
Queue
64bDDR2/3 SDRAMController + ECC
EnhancedLocalBus SEC OpenPIC
Power Management
SPIDUART2x I2C
SD /MMC
8 Lane SERDES
PCI-e2 Lane SERDES
GigabitEthernet
SGMII SGMII
GigabitEthernet
ULPI
USBHost/
Device
ULPI
USBHost/
Device
USB Host/
Device
ULPI
SATASATA
e500 core32KB
D-Cache32KB
I-Cache
GPIO
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ValidPacket
Deep Sleep Deep SleepPow
er
~ ~
~ ~ ~Deep Sleep
Ignore packets thatneed no response
Ignore other packets,stay in Deep Sleep
Packet-lossless Deep Sleep
► Embedded networking• Most of time in low-power mode• But office networks have traffic 24 hours a day (even if office is unoccupied)• Cannot wake on every packet (never have time to sleep) • Wake up on external event (ARP packet with matching Ethernet address)
Need to wake fast enough to service event
► MPC8536E optimally handles wake-on-Packet• Deep-sleep mode• Network-aware, no packets are lost• Ultra-low power the vast majority of time• No penalty of reduced functionality (dropped packets) because the system can respond as
needed
Deep Sleep
ValidPacket
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Dynamic Frequency Scaling: RUN and JOG Balance:
High performance (high core clock frequencies) during periods of activity Low power consumption (low core clock frequencies) when less workload
MPC8536E supports this balance RUN Mode for high performance JOG Mode for low power consumption
Implemented with dynamic frequency scaling Dynamically alter e500 core frequency (any PLL ratio is possible) Platform and rest of system continues operation.
Main JobSystem Mgmt& Services
Main Job
Packet-losslessDeep Sleep
MPC
8536
Ete
chno
logy
~ ~~
~
System Mgmt& Services
System Mgmt& Services
Cyc
lical
Valu
edW
orkl
oad ~~
~~
JOG JOG
JOG
RUNRUN
Packet-losslessDeep Sleep
ActiveWork
Dormant DormantLightWork
LightWork
ActiveWork
LightWork
NetworkRouteractivity
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Summary
►Energy efficiency is a clear direction across technology segments and especially important in embedded and always-on systems
►Reduced OPEX cost, reduced environmental impact, and efficient use of resources require increasing focus on innovation for power management
►Freescale is committed to providing Green solutions to our customers and is investing in the technology and micro-architecture required to deliver these solutions
►Future areas under investigation and development include:• Automatic (hardware-based) options for throttling power based on thermal
overload conditions• Capabilities to monitor fine-grained CPU loading and network I/O utilization,
enabling the efficient and accurate means to reduce power based on this data
TMFreescale™ and the Freescale logo are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2009.
Q&A
►Thank you for attending this presentation. We’ll now take a few moments for the audience’s questions, and then we’ll begin the question and answer session.
TM
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