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Energy Future @ Carleton
By
Richard Strong, Director of Facilities
Minnesota Fuel Mix for Electricity
Carleton Energy Use 1987-2003
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
Total MMBTU
Fuel MMBTU
Electrical MMBTU
BTU per SQFT
Five yearAverage
Carleton Energy Use 1987-2003
BTU Per Square Foot since 1987
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
Year
BT
Us
Five Year Average BTU
BTUs per SQFT
Carleton Energy Use 1987-2003Kilowatt-Hours/SQFT
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Kil
ow
att
-ho
urs
KWHs per SQFT
Five yearAverage
Cost for Energy 1900-2002Ulilities Cost for 1995-2002
$0.00
$200,000.00
$400,000.00
$600,000.00
$800,000.00
$1,000,000.00
$1,200,000.00
$1,400,000.00
$1,600,000.00
1995-1996 1996-1997 1997-1998 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002
Year
Dol
lars
Electricity
Steam
Chiller
Water and Sewer
Energy Management
Cost per CCF of Natural GasYearly Average Cost of of Natural Gas ($ per CCF)
$5.63
$4.55
$5.82
$6.20
$4.07
$2.84
$6.99
$2.69$2.47
$2.80
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
$7.00
$8.00
Year
Pri
ce
in U
S $
of
ye
ar
pu
rch
as
ed
$ per CCF
$ per CCF $2.47 $2.80 $2.69 $2.84 $4.07 $5.63 $4.55 $5.82 $6.20 $6.99
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Total Annual Cost of Natural GasYearly Total Cost of of Natural Gas ($ per MCF)
$642,797
$1,029,763
$553,084
$363,632
$311,378$307,370
$333,212
$815,793 $805,234
$0
$200,000
$400,000
$600,000
$800,000
$1,000,000
$1,200,000
Year
Pri
ce
in U
S $
of
ye
ar
pu
rch
as
ed
nominal, $
nominal, $ $307,3 $333,2 $311,3 $363,6 $553,0 $815,7 $642,7 $805,2 $1,029,
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Monthly Electrical UsageMonthly Electrical Usage 03-04
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
Months
KW
Hs
KWHs
Summer Daily Electrical Usage
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
SSEKW
Winter Daily Electrical Usage
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
TOTAL KW
Cost per KWH of ElectricityAverage yearly cost of purchased electricity ($ per kWh)
$0.0444
$0.0467
$0.0483
$0.0436
$0.0462
$0.0429
$0.0497
$0.0485
$0.0472
$0.0516
$0.0417
$0.0400
$0.0425
$0.0450
$0.0475
$0.0500
$0.0525
$0.0550
Year
$ p
er
kW
h
$ per kWh
$ per kWh $0.0417 $0.0444 $0.0467 $0.0483 $0.0516 $0.0472 $0.0436 $0.0462 $0.0429 $0.0497 $0.0485
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Annual Cost for ElectricityAverage yearly cost of purchased electricity ($ per kWh)
$746,510
$682,863
$778,987
$689,140$662,333
$658,052
$580,389
$543,775
$657,854
$732,156
$0
$100,000
$200,000
$300,000
$400,000
$500,000
$600,000
$700,000
$800,000
$900,000
Year
$ p
er
kW
h
nominal $
nominal $ $543,775 $580,389 $658,052 $662,333 $657,854 $732,156 $689,140 $746,510 $682,863 $778,987
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Total Energy Costs
$0
$200,000
$400,000
$600,000
$800,000
$1,000,000
$1,200,000
$1,400,000
$1,600,000
$1,800,000
$2,000,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004Year
Total Energy Costs 1996-2004 (in Nominal $)
Gas Cost
Electricity Cost
Carleton Emissions Survey
• Total GHG emissions have increased by nearly 40% since 1990.
• Emissions per student, increased from around 8 metric tons/student to almost 12.
• Electricity emissions increased even when additional building area was accounted for.
Emissions per Student
Metric Tonnes eCO2 / Student
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Tot
al E
mis
sion
s pe
r St
uden
t(M
etri
c T
onne
s eC
O2
/ Stu
dent
FT
E)
Emissions per Building Area
Metric Tonnes eCO2 / Square Foot Building Space
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Tot
al E
mis
sion
s pe
r sq
uare
foot
(Met
ric
Ton
nes
eCO
2 / f
t2 )
Heating and Electrical Emissions per Building Area
Heating and Electrical GHG Emissions per 1000sqft (in metric tons of eCO2)
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
Heating GHG emissionsper 1000sqft
Electricity GHG emissionsper 1000sqft
Carleton’s Emissions Sources
Stationary Sources
36%
Purchased Electricity
55%
Transport Total9%
Agriculture Total0%
Solid Waste0%
Refrigeration0%
Transportation GHG Emissions Breakdown(in metric tons eCO2)
Faculty & Staff Commuting
1018 mt45%
Loaner Vans&Cars
102 mt5% Gasoline
Maint/Grounds65 mt3%
Faculty & Staff Air travel501 mt22%
OCS Air Travel527 mt
24%
Diesel Maint/Grounds
22 mt1%
If We Believe This
2006
Or If We Believe This
And If This Happens
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects, The 1998 Revision; and estimates by the Population Reference Bureau.
World Population Growth, 1750–2150
And This Happens at the Same Time
And This…
Should the U.S. Fear Rise of China, India?
AMERICANS are having another Sputnik moment: One of those periodic alarms about some foreign technological and economic menace. It was the Soviets in the 1950s and early 1960s, the Germans and the Japanese in the 1970s and 1980s, and now it's the Chinese and the Indians.
-Robert Samuelson, The Business Times, 26 May 2005
And If Economics Works in This Case
2006 2023
17 Years
Energy Transition Plan
• We need a transition plan for 1-15 year time period, 2006-2020
• Phase One – Conservation/Reduction
• Phase Two – Efficiency/Conversion
• Phase Three – Transition
Phase 1: 2006-09 Conservation
• Lower temperature in the winter (680F)/higher in the summer (780F)
• Manage plug load• Good management practices• Calibration of system• Building new buildings at 40,000 BTU/Sqft
rather than the 98,000 BTU/Sqft average• Change lighting sources (same light for
less energy) CFL/Super 8s
Phase 2: 2010-13 Efficiencies/Conversion
• Hedging on energy markets• Interruptible electric energy sources• Additional Building Insulation• Metering and Building controls• Double/Triple pain windows• Co-Generation (on campus, within the
community)• Additional wind turbines interconnect to
the campus• Commissioning of systems
Phase 3: 2014-2020 Year Transition
• Rebuilding building systems• Self generation of energy• Alternate fuels
– Hydrogen– Bio-Mass– Ethanol– Solar– Wind– Bio-Diesel
Common Energy Conservation
• Energy Paybacks• 1-2 Years Seal Air Leaks (Looking at this)• Seal Ducts (Looking at this)• Programmable Thermostat (Building Automation
System)• Insulated Water Heaters (We don’t have Water
Heaters)• Heating Tune up (Commissioning of Science Buildings)• Efficient Shower Heads (Start Program)• 2-5 Years Flooring Insulation (Not Possible)• 3-7 Years Ceiling Insulation (Change with re-roofing)• 4-10 Years Storm Windows (Have completed) • 5-20 Years Furnace Replacement (When they reach their life
cycle)• 6-12 Years Wall Insulation (Difficult)• 15-20 Years Window Replacement
Energy Proposals
• CO2 Detectors plus Drives at: Recreation Center, West Gym, Cowling Gym, Hullings and
Library
• Commissioning Studies at: Hullings, Mudd, Olin, Library, and Leighton
• Pools Covers at: Cowling and West Gym
• Metering of all Buildings
• Lighting Retofits at: Recreation Center, West and Cowling Gym
• Steam Trap Replacement
Three Challenges for the Next 15 Years
• Where to prioritize our efforts in short run
• When to invest in newer technologies
– Opportunity to save against future price increases vs. ongoing cost reductions and improved efficiencies as technologies mature
• Building Collaborations that benefit Carleton and expand our market and economic base – eg. Other colleges or organizations in Northfield or beyond.
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