Energy Future @ Carleton

By

Richard Strong, Director of Facilities

Minnesota Fuel Mix for Electricity

Carleton Energy Use 1987-2003

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

Total MMBTU

Fuel MMBTU

Electrical MMBTU

BTU per SQFT

Five yearAverage

Carleton Energy Use 1987-2003

BTU Per Square Foot since 1987

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

Year

BT

Us

Five Year Average BTU

BTUs per SQFT

Carleton Energy Use 1987-2003Kilowatt-Hours/SQFT

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Kil

ow

att

-ho

urs

KWHs per SQFT

Five yearAverage

Cost for Energy 1900-2002Ulilities Cost for 1995-2002

$0.00

$200,000.00

$400,000.00

$600,000.00

$800,000.00

$1,000,000.00

$1,200,000.00

$1,400,000.00

$1,600,000.00

1995-1996 1996-1997 1997-1998 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002

Year

Dol

lars

Electricity

Steam

Chiller

Water and Sewer

Energy Management

Cost per CCF of Natural GasYearly Average Cost of of Natural Gas ($ per CCF)

$5.63

$4.55

$5.82

$6.20

$4.07

$2.84

$6.99

$2.69$2.47

$2.80

$0.00

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

$6.00

$7.00

$8.00

Year

Pri

ce

in U

S $

of

ye

ar

pu

rch

as

ed

$ per CCF

$ per CCF $2.47 $2.80 $2.69 $2.84 $4.07 $5.63 $4.55 $5.82 $6.20 $6.99

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Total Annual Cost of Natural GasYearly Total Cost of of Natural Gas ($ per MCF)

$642,797

$1,029,763

$553,084

$363,632

$311,378$307,370

$333,212

$815,793 $805,234

$0

$200,000

$400,000

$600,000

$800,000

$1,000,000

$1,200,000

Year

Pri

ce

in U

S $

of

ye

ar

pu

rch

as

ed

nominal, $

nominal, $ $307,3 $333,2 $311,3 $363,6 $553,0 $815,7 $642,7 $805,2 $1,029,

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Monthly Electrical UsageMonthly Electrical Usage 03-04

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1600000

Months

KW

Hs

KWHs

Summer Daily Electrical Usage

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

2250

SSEKW

Winter Daily Electrical Usage

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

2250

2500

2750

TOTAL KW

Cost per KWH of ElectricityAverage yearly cost of purchased electricity ($ per kWh)

$0.0444

$0.0467

$0.0483

$0.0436

$0.0462

$0.0429

$0.0497

$0.0485

$0.0472

$0.0516

$0.0417

$0.0400

$0.0425

$0.0450

$0.0475

$0.0500

$0.0525

$0.0550

Year

$ p

er

kW

h

$ per kWh

$ per kWh $0.0417 $0.0444 $0.0467 $0.0483 $0.0516 $0.0472 $0.0436 $0.0462 $0.0429 $0.0497 $0.0485

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Annual Cost for ElectricityAverage yearly cost of purchased electricity ($ per kWh)

$746,510

$682,863

$778,987

$689,140$662,333

$658,052

$580,389

$543,775

$657,854

$732,156

$0

$100,000

$200,000

$300,000

$400,000

$500,000

$600,000

$700,000

$800,000

$900,000

Year

$ p

er

kW

h

nominal $

nominal $ $543,775 $580,389 $658,052 $662,333 $657,854 $732,156 $689,140 $746,510 $682,863 $778,987

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Total Energy Costs

$0

$200,000

$400,000

$600,000

$800,000

$1,000,000

$1,200,000

$1,400,000

$1,600,000

$1,800,000

$2,000,000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004Year

Total Energy Costs 1996-2004 (in Nominal $)

Gas Cost

Electricity Cost

Carleton Emissions Survey

• Total GHG emissions have increased by nearly 40% since 1990.

• Emissions per student, increased from around 8 metric tons/student to almost 12.

• Electricity emissions increased even when additional building area was accounted for.

Emissions per Student

Metric Tonnes eCO2 / Student

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Tot

al E

mis

sion

s pe

r St

uden

t(M

etri

c T

onne

s eC

O2

/ Stu

dent

FT

E)

Emissions per Building Area

Metric Tonnes eCO2 / Square Foot Building Space

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

0.014

0.016

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Tot

al E

mis

sion

s pe

r sq

uare

foot

(Met

ric

Ton

nes

eCO

2 / f

t2 )

Heating and Electrical Emissions per Building Area

Heating and Electrical GHG Emissions per 1000sqft (in metric tons of eCO2)

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

Heating GHG emissionsper 1000sqft

Electricity GHG emissionsper 1000sqft

Carleton’s Emissions Sources

Stationary Sources

36%

Purchased Electricity

55%

Transport Total9%

Agriculture Total0%

Solid Waste0%

Refrigeration0%

Transportation GHG Emissions Breakdown(in metric tons eCO2)

Faculty & Staff Commuting

1018 mt45%

Loaner Vans&Cars

102 mt5% Gasoline

Maint/Grounds65 mt3%

Faculty & Staff Air travel501 mt22%

OCS Air Travel527 mt

24%

Diesel Maint/Grounds

22 mt1%

If We Believe This

2006

Or If We Believe This

And If This Happens

Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects, The 1998 Revision; and estimates by the Population Reference Bureau.

World Population Growth, 1750–2150

And This Happens at the Same Time

And This…

Should the U.S. Fear Rise of China, India?

AMERICANS are having another Sputnik moment: One of those periodic alarms about some foreign technological and economic menace. It was the Soviets in the 1950s and early 1960s, the Germans and the Japanese in the 1970s and 1980s, and now it's the Chinese and the Indians.

-Robert Samuelson, The Business Times, 26 May 2005

And If Economics Works in This Case

2006 2023

17 Years

Energy Transition Plan

• We need a transition plan for 1-15 year time period, 2006-2020

• Phase One – Conservation/Reduction

• Phase Two – Efficiency/Conversion

• Phase Three – Transition

Phase 1: 2006-09 Conservation

• Lower temperature in the winter (680F)/higher in the summer (780F)

• Manage plug load• Good management practices• Calibration of system• Building new buildings at 40,000 BTU/Sqft

rather than the 98,000 BTU/Sqft average• Change lighting sources (same light for

less energy) CFL/Super 8s

Phase 2: 2010-13 Efficiencies/Conversion

• Hedging on energy markets• Interruptible electric energy sources• Additional Building Insulation• Metering and Building controls• Double/Triple pain windows• Co-Generation (on campus, within the

community)• Additional wind turbines interconnect to

the campus• Commissioning of systems

Phase 3: 2014-2020 Year Transition

• Rebuilding building systems• Self generation of energy• Alternate fuels

– Hydrogen– Bio-Mass– Ethanol– Solar– Wind– Bio-Diesel

Common Energy Conservation

• Energy Paybacks• 1-2 Years Seal Air Leaks (Looking at this)• Seal Ducts (Looking at this)• Programmable Thermostat (Building Automation

System)• Insulated Water Heaters (We don’t have Water

Heaters)• Heating Tune up (Commissioning of Science Buildings)• Efficient Shower Heads (Start Program)• 2-5 Years Flooring Insulation (Not Possible)• 3-7 Years Ceiling Insulation (Change with re-roofing)• 4-10 Years Storm Windows (Have completed) • 5-20 Years Furnace Replacement (When they reach their life

cycle)• 6-12 Years Wall Insulation (Difficult)• 15-20 Years Window Replacement

Energy Proposals

• CO2 Detectors plus Drives at: Recreation Center, West Gym, Cowling Gym, Hullings and

Library

• Commissioning Studies at: Hullings, Mudd, Olin, Library, and Leighton

• Pools Covers at: Cowling and West Gym

• Metering of all Buildings

• Lighting Retofits at: Recreation Center, West and Cowling Gym

• Steam Trap Replacement

Three Challenges for the Next 15 Years

• Where to prioritize our efforts in short run

• When to invest in newer technologies

– Opportunity to save against future price increases vs. ongoing cost reductions and improved efficiencies as technologies mature

• Building Collaborations that benefit Carleton and expand our market and economic base – eg. Other colleges or organizations in Northfield or beyond.