Energy Storage Options for Ireland - Power Summit · International Energy Research Centre Thermal...

International Energy Research Centre

EnergyStorageOptionsforIreland

ProfTonyDayIERCDirector

International Energy Research Centre

EnergyStorageBenefits

• Betternetworkmanagement• Extendstherangeandtypeofgenerationtechnologies

– Renewables,CHP,fuelcellsetc

• CO2 emissionsreduction• Reducedcapacityinvestmentcosts(generationandT&D)• Reducedimportdependency• Newbusinessopportunitiesandadditionalrevenues• Somebenefitsmaybe:

– Difficulttoquantify– Diffuseandthereforedifficulttofindinvestment– Qualitative(co-benefitsthatcannotbequantified)

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EnergyStorageTechnologies

Chemical ElectricalAmmonia Drop-infuels Supercapacitors Superconducting

magnetic ES(EMS)

Hydrogen Methanol MechanicalSyntheticfuels Syntheticnatural

gasAdiabaticcompressed air

Diabatic compressedair

Electrochemical Liquidair Flywheels

Classic batteries Flowbatteries PumpedHydroLeadacid Li-ion Vanadium

RedoxZn-Br Thermal

Li-ploymer Li-Sl Zn-Fe Latentheat SensibleheatMetal Air Na-ion Hybrid

SupercapacitorsThermochemical

Na-NiCl2 Na-S

Ni-Cd Ni-MH Source:EASE/EERAOct2017

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Storagetimeframes

Seasonal loadshiftingandresourceuse

Diurnal loadshiftingandresourceuse

Hoursandminutes loadbalancingandsystemefficiencyimprovement

Seconds systemstabilityandefficiency

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Electricity

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TheTraditionalElectricityNetwork

Distributedinvestment

Concentratedinvestment

Production

Transmission

Distribution

Energyservices:equipment,systems,delivery…

Endusers- consumers

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TheSmartGrid– challengesthebusinessorthodoxy

Production

Transmission

Distribution

Energyservices:equipment,systems,delivery…

Prosumer osumer rosumer

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Electricitystorageapplications

• Utilityscalegridstabilisation• PrimaryControlReservewithseveralMW-scalebatterystoragesystemsalreadyinoperation.

• Pricearbitrage• Balancingenergy(supply&demand)• Higherutilizationandgreaterintegrationofrenewableenergy• Ancillaryservicesincluding,regulation,spinningreserve&MVARgeneration(voltagemanagement)

• Stabilizingconventionalgeneration(improvingoperatingefficiency)

• Provisionofblack-startservices• Systemupgradedeferral

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BatteryandFlywheelapplications

• Infrontofthemeter– systemservices,frequencyanddemandresponse

• Behindthemeter– customerbenefits,timeshifting• Hybrid– aggregatedcommunityenergyprogrammes• >200MWplannedbyUKNationalGrid• Drax planningfurther200MW• Flywheel+batteryinstallationinRhode,CoOffaly

Ireland- ~400kWtotal(Schwungrad Energies)

International Energy Research Centre

Develop and deploy an intelligent Virtual Power Plant (VPP)consisting of 20-node distributed energy storage (batteries)network across residential homes in Dingle community, Ireland.Demonstrate the value of an innovative business model where theproposition for consumers/prosumers, aggregators, utilitysuppliers and network operators are well maintained.Benefits:

StoreNet

Outcomes:Identification of barriers to rollout and operationof StoreNet business model.Identification of grid conditions and typologies ofbuildings that can mostly benefit from the model.Technology validation to provide both energyarbitrage and grid services.

TheStoreNet consortiumacknowledgesthesupportfromboththeDepartmentofBusiness,EnterpriseandInnovationandtheDepartmentofCommunications,ClimateActionandEnvironment,Ireland

International Energy Research Centre

Flowbatteries

• Energystoredinelectrolyte(asopposedtoelectrode)• Rapidchargeanddischargecapability• Energystorageandpowercapabilityde-coupledinmost

systems• Relativelycheaptoincreaseenergystoragecapacityfora

givenpoweroutput– i.e.addmoreelectrolyteandstoragetanks

Mastersource.org

International Energy Research Centre

Improvement of Redox Flow Energy Storage withRenewable Energy to Secure Sustainable ElectricitySystems.Investigate the methods to raise flow-battery electrolyteelectrical density to deliver deep-capacity battery units withrapid transient responses (<1 second) to support network(>11 kV) and grid-level (>100 kV) energy storage and fast-response solutions.

ImpRESS

Outcomes:Provide all-Ireland with a competitive edge forlarge-scale energy storage solutions using redox-flow systems.Improved electrolytes for vanadium-based redoxflow batteries that will ultimately lead to improvedenergy density and efficiency.Provide fast frequency response (DS3) services tothe all-Ireland smart grid.

Benefits:Provide a more sustainable solution to energystorage systems and applications such as gridservices.Opportunity for big energy users e.g., refineries,local micro-grid etc.Meeting energy needs using multiple renewableenergy sources.Reduce fossil fuel consumption.

TheImpRESS consortiumacknowledgesthesupportfromboththeDepartmentofBusiness,EnterpriseandInnovationandtheDepartmentofCommunications,ClimateActionandEnvironment,Ireland

International Energy Research Centre

CompressedAirEnergyStorage(CAES)

• Naturalandexcavatedundergroundsaltcavernsascompressedairreceivers

• Compressionnormallyrequiresheatrejection,withheatinputrequiredatre-expansion

• Adiabaticsystems(i.e.withheatstorageandrecovery)beingdevelopedwithgreaterround-tripefficiencies

• 330MWplantindevelopmentatLarne,NorthernIreland

phys.org

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PumpedHeatElectricalStorage

• Electricityusedtodriveaheatpump• Temperaturedifferenceestablishedbetweentwothermalreservoirs• Examplebelowusesgravelstoresandlowflowrates• Electricityrecoveredbyreversingheatpumptobecomeaheatengine• Highroundtripefficiencies(~75%)• Lowimpactworkingfluids(exampleusesargon)

Source:greentechmedia.com

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ConcentratedSolarPowerwithMoltenSaltStorage

• CSPwithmoltensaltstoragemoreeconomicthanbatteries

• 24houroperationhasbeenachieved• Scopeforstoragesystemcost

reductionsmaybelimited• HybridwithPValsobeingdeveloped• ProbablynotcomingtoIrelandsoon!

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Heat

International Energy Research Centre

GroundSourceHeatPumps

• LondonSouthBankUniversity500kWreversecycleforheatingandcooling

• Groundsourceinthestructuralpiles• 22–25mdeeptoavoidgroundwater• 173pilestoproviderequiredthermalmass

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GSHPgroundtemperatures

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GSHPasstorage

• Deeppileswillbethermallydepletedwithoutseasonalreplenishment

• Thereforebestcoupledtoyear-roundheatingandcoolingsolutions

• Shallowgroundstoresreplenishedbysolaroverthesummer• Notsuitableforgridserviceswithoutadditionalshortterm

storageontheloadside

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CHPandthermalstorage

• CHPrequireslargethermalstorageforefficientoperationandloadbalancing

• Addstoequipmentandspacecosts

• Canrequirelengthyplanningapplications

Bunhill Estate,Islington

International Energy Research Centre

ThermalEnergyStorageusingPhaseChangeMaterials

Modularstorage

PCMtemp.Selectedstorage

Controllabledevice

TechnologyOptimisation

device

• Uptox6.5volumereductionoverwaterstore

• Reducedenergylosses• Closetemperaturecontrolpossible• CHP,biomassorheatpump

applications• Potentialfordistributedstorage• Waxes• Eutecticsalts• Organicsugars

• Heatextractionratesanissue• Controlmorecomplexthansensible

heatstorage• Costreductionsnecessary• Materialsmayhavetoxicityandsafety

issuestoconsider

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Thermochemicalstorage(TCS)

HEAT

HEAT

STORAGE

CHARGE

DISCHARGE

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TCSmaterials

• Zeolite(aluminosilicates)• SilicaGel• CaCl2• MgCl2• H2SO4

• MetalHydridesandCarbonates(hightemperature)

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TCScharacteristics

• Highstoragedensities– x8sensiblex2latent

• Nearzerostoragelosses• Highlydesirableforinter-seasonalstorageapplications• Greatercomplexityofoperationandcontrol• Heatandmasstransferefficienciesneedtobeimproved

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Hydrogen

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HydrogenasaVector

• Currentsuppliesmainlyfromhydrocarbons• Unlimitedpotentialforelectrolysisofwaterusingrenewable

electricity• Energyrequiredistypically50kWh/kgH2 (180MJ/kg)• Energytoputintostorageisextra• Canbeburnedinacombustioncycle• Orusedinafuelcelltoprovideheatandpower(~1:1)• Transportandstationaryapplications

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HydrogenStorage

• Highc.v.bymass– 120MJ/kg• Lowc.v.byvolume– 8MJ/L• Compressedgas- 350– 700bar• Metalhydrides• Sorbents• Chemical(e.g.Alane,Amonia Borane)

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PowertoGas

• H2 generatedfromexcessrenewableelectricity• Injecteddirectlyintothenaturalgasgrid• Usinggasgridasstorage• Thegridpipematerialsmayinfluenceallowableconcentrations• AnalternativeistocombineelectrolysisH2 andCO2 togeneratemethane

forgridinjection

PVMagazine

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Integration

International Energy Research Centre

• Largescalevdistributed

• Energystoragevshorttermgridservices

• Usingheatstorageforelectricitysmartgridapplicationsandservices

• Hybridsolutions

• Improvedtotalsystemefficiencies

• Optimisationofsystems

• Needfordesigntoolsandtechno-economicmodels

Deploymentofstorage

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International Energy Research Centre

EnergyStoragetony.day@ierc.ie