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8/3/2019 Esign and Implementation of Energy Using Micro Controller (1)
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Nowadays there is an explosion in the application of micro
controllers.These micro controllers drive the evolution of
embedded intelligence. We can find micro controllers throughouthomes, offices, industries and automobile.
In this project we are implementing EB Billing system,
using PIC micro controller. The main advantages of this project
is that man power can be reduced considerably.
The main objective of this project is to calculate the electricity bill
for energy consumed by the consumer, using personal computer
at the EB office, through sms.
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This project consist of a master block and a slave block .In thismaster block is in EB office which will calculate the energyconsumed by the consumer for particular period(one month)
and the calculated bill to be paid is send to the consumer withdue date,with fine. If the consumer fails to pay the bill thepower of the consumer is cut off.
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Existing system In this system the person from the electricity board comes to the
consumer's place and gives the bill for the energy consumed in theparticular period (one month). The consumer then pays the
bill.This system doesn¶t allow the consumer to access their consumption.
Proposed system In this system there will be one master unit in EB office and slave
unit in consumer¶ place. The slave will calculate the energyconsumed by the consumer and transmit to the master unit. Themaster unit calculates the amount of consumed energy receivedand will send the bill to be paid with due date to the consumer. If the consumer fails to pay the bill the power of the consumer will becut off.
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The main hardware components used are
1)Power supply
2)PIC micro controller
3)LCD
4)Relay
5)RS-232
6)GSM MODEM
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In this project the power supply used is linear power supply. A
simple AC powered linear power supply usually uses a
transformer to convert the voltage from the well outlet (mains)
to a different, usually a lower voltage. If it is used to produce
DC, a rectifier circuit is employed either as a single chip, an
array of diodes sometimes called a diode bridge or bridge
rectifier, both for full wave rectification or a single diode yielding
a half wave (pulsating) output. More elaborate configurations
rectify the ac voltage at first to pulsating DC. Then a capacitor smoothes out part of the pulses giving a type of DC voltage.
The smaller pulses remaining are known as ripple
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Because of a full wave rectification they occur at twice the
mains frequency(in USA its 60hz doubled to 120hz or in
Europe, its 50hz doubled to 100hz).Finally depending on therequirements of the load, a linear regulator may be used to
reduce the ripples sometimes also allowing for adjustment of
the output to the desired but lower voltage. More elaborate
versions used by circuit designers are adjustable up to 30
volts and up to 5 amperes output. These often employ current
limiting. Some can be driven by an external signal, for example for application requiring a pulsated output.
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i) Step down transformer ii) Rectifier unit
iii) Input filter
iv) Regulator unit v) Output filter
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Stepdown Transf or mer:
Using step down uses it to step down the main supply voltageTransformer. It consists of primary and secondary coils. The output from
the
Secondary coil is also AC waveforms we have to convert AC voltage into
DC voltage by using Rectifier Unit.
Rectifier Unit:
We have to convert AC voltage into DC voltage by using
Rectifier.
Bridge Rectifier is used to convert into DC voltage. This output voltage of
The rectifier is in rippled forms we have to remove the ripples from DCvoltage.
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Input Filter :
Capacitor acts as filter. The principle of the
capacitor is charging and
Discharging. It charges in positive half cycle of the AC
voltage and it will
Discharge in negative half cycles, it allows only ACvoltage and doesn¶t
Allow the DC voltage. This filter is fixed before the
regulator.
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Regulator unit:
Regulator regulates the output voltage constant
depends upon the regulator.it classifieds as follows
i) Positive regulator
1---> input pin
2---> ground pin
3---> output pin
It regulates the positive voltage.
ii) Negative regulator
1---> ground pin
2---> input pin3---> output pin
It regulates the negative voltage.
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utput Filter: Capacitor acts as filter. The principle of
the capacitor is charging and
Discharging.it charges in positive half cycle of the
AC voltage and it willDischarge in negative half cycles, it allows only
AC voltage and doesn¶t
allow the DC voltage.This fiter is fixed after the
regulator.
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High-performance RISC CPU. Only 35 single word instructions to learn Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes Power-on Reset (POR) Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) Programmable code-protection Low-power, high-speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROM
technology In-Circuit Debugging via two pins
Single 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming capability Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges Low-power consumption.
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High-per f or mance RISC CPU:
- Only 35 single±word instruction to learn
Operating speed:
- DC-20MHz clock input
- DC-200ns instruction cycle
Per ipheral featur es:
- Universal synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter (USAT/SCI) with 9-bit address deduction.
- Parallel slave port (PSP)-8 bits wide with external RD,
WR and CS controls.
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Analog featur es:
- 10-bit, up to 8-channel analog ±to- digital converter (A/D)
- Analog Comparator module with two analog comparators
- Programmable on ± chip voltage reference(VREF)module
- Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and
internal voltage reference
- Comparator outputs are externally accessible
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Special Micro controller Featur es:
- 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory
typical- 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical
- Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years
- Self-reprogram able under software control
- Single-supply 5v In-Circuit Serial Programming Tm (ICSPTm)Via
two pins
- Watching Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for
reliable operation
-
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Programmable code protection
- Power saving Sleep mode
- Selectable oscillator options- In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins
CMOS Technology:
- Low power, high-speed Flash/EEPROM technology- Wide operating voltage range (2.0v to 5.5v)
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Short for liquid crystal display, a type of display used in digital
watches and many portable computers. LCD displays utilizetwo sheets of polarizing material with a liquid causes the
crystals to align so that light cannot pass through them. Each
crystal, therefore, is like a shutter, either allowing light to pass
through or blocking the light.
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Enable (E)
This line allows access to the display through R/W and RS
lines. When this line is low the LCD is disabled and ignoressignals from R/W and RS. When (E) line is high, the LCDchecks the state of the two control lines and respondsaccordingly.
Read/Wr ite(R /W)
This line determines the direction of data between the LCD andmicro controller. When it is low, data is written to the LCD.When it is high, data is read from the LCD.
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LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) DISPLAY
Eight Data lines and three control lines which is connected to
the Micro controller. Data lines is used to transfer the Display Datafrom the microcontroller to the CGRAM.
Three control lines as follows:-
line1 which is used to select the DATA register or INSTRUCTION
register.
line2 which is used to write the Data to the selected Registers .
line3 which is used to enable the selected Registers .
Also consists of :-
CG RAM
DD RAM
DATA REGISTER
INSTRUCTION REGISTER
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Register select (RS)
With the help of this line, the LCD interprets the type of data on
data lines. When it is low, an instruction is being written to the
LCD. When it is high, a character is being written to the LCD.
E 0 Access to LCD disabled
1 Access to LCD disabledR /W 0 Writing data to LCD
1 Reading data from LCD
RS 0 Instruction
1 Character
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Wr iting data to the LCD is done in several steps:
Set R/W bit to low
Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (if it is writing) Set E line to high
Set E line to low
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Reading data f rom LCD
Reading data from the LCD is done in the same way, but
control line R/W has to be high. When we sent a high to theLCD, it will reset and wait for instructions. Typical instructionssent to LCD display after a reset are turning on display, turningon a cursor and writing characters from left to right. When theLCD is initialized, it is ready to continue receiving data or instructions. If it receives a character, it will write it on the
display and move the cursor one space to the right. TheCursor marks the next location where a character will bewritten
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A relay is usually an electromechanical device that is actuated
by an electrical current. The current flowing in one circuit
causes the opening or closing of another circuit. Relays arelike remote control switches and are used in many
applications because of their relative simplicity, long life, and
proven high reliability. Relays are used in a wide variety of
applications throughout industry, such as in telephone
exchanges, digital computers and automation systems.
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Highly sophisticated relays are utilized to protect electric
power systems against trouble and power blackout as well as
to regulate and control the generation and distribution of
power.In the home, relays are used in refrigerators, washing
machines and dishwashers, and heating and air-conditioning
controls. Although relays are generally associated with
electrical circuitry, there are many other types, such as
pneumatic and hydraulic. Input may be electrical and outputdirectly mechanical, or vice versa.
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To standardize the interface equipment between DTE and
DCE, on a set of standard which are called the RS232
specification. The RS 232 specifications identify themechanical, electrical and functional descriptions for the
interface between DTE and DCE. RS 232 is designed for
serial transmission of data unto 20,000 bps for a distance of approximately 50 feet.
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In RS-232 data is sent as a time series of bits. Both
Synchronous and Asynchronous transmissions are supported
by the standard. The origin or serial port definition limited themaximum transfer speed to 20Kbps, but practice has shownthat higher bandwidth is possible.
There are two types of RS232 connector version available.
(1) DB25 connector (25 pin)
(2) DB9 connector (9 pin)
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A minimal 3-wire RS-232 connection consisting only of
transmit date, receive data, and ground, is commonly used
when the full facilities of RS-232 are not require Here we canuse MAX232 in this circuit for serial communication from PIC
micro controller to Computer. MAX232 is based on RS232.
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MikroBASIC is the computer software that is used to write theprogram in BASIC Language and compiled into hexadecimalcode that can be saved in program memory of the microcontroller. This Hex-code controls the micro controllers
operation.
MikroBasic is a powerful, feature rich development tool for PICmicro controllers. It is designed to provide the customer withthe easiest possible solution for developing applications for embedded systems, without compromising performance or
control.
MikroBASIC was very good software for writing programs for PIC, dsPIC, AVR Micro controllers. This software wasdelivered by mikroElektronika.
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The main advantages ar e
very low hardware complexity
external peripherals reduced
reduced cost
compatibility
less manpower high accuracy
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By this existing system we can transmit only the information to
some extent that is 10 to 100 meter. But in future, if you want
to implement this system means we can use GSM mode of transmission. So that long distance of transmission is
possible, and will be very reliable and efficient
Another expansion is that instead of using RF transmission we
use the transmission media as power line. In this frequencymodulation techniques is used. The number of revolution are
sensed by optical sensor and store continuously in micro
controller.
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These are in pulses form which are transmitted over 230 volt power
line, through coupling device. In the receiver section, the received
data's are demodulated and given to PC through serial interface.
To calculate the tariff VB can be used.
In above all expansions the main advantage is that man power
and money can be effectively reduced to considerable extent.
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3. The par t of power on cir cuit
You can turn on the module by driving the PWRKEY to a
low level voltage for period time. The automatic power on
circuit illustrate as following figure. The PWRKEY pin is the
NO.34 pin of the module interface. The value of thecapacitor C155 is recommended as 330uF/16V. The diode
D21N4148is used f or curr ent dischar ge when power
down. The diode can be modified to the other type par t
which dischar ge capability is better . You can make a
decision by some exper iments your self .
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4. The ser ial por t and softwar e upgrade
The TXDRXDDBG_TXDDBG_RXDGND must be
connected to the IO connector when user need to upgrade
software and debug softwane,the TXDRXD should be
used for software upgrade and the DBG_TXDDBG_RXDfor software debug.The PWRKEY pin is recommended to
connect to the IO connector.,the user also can add a switch
between the PWRKEY and the GND. The PWRKEY should
be connected to the GND when SIM300 is upgradingsoftware. Please refer to SIM300_HD_V1.05 for the detail.
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FEATURES
Gr een Idle Power -Saving Mode
Single 2.7 V to 3.6 V Power Supply
Operates with 3 V Logic
0.1 F to 1 F Char ge Pump Capacitor s
Low EMI
Low Power Shutdown: 20 nA
Full RS-232 Compliance
460 kbits/s Data Rate1 Receiver Active in Shutdown (2 f or ADM3310E)
ESD >15 kV IEC 1000-4-2 on RS-232 I /Os (ADM33xxE)
ESD >15 kV IEC 1000-4-2 on CMOS and RS-232 I /Os
(ADM3307E)
APPLICATIONS
Mobile Phone Handsets/Data CablesLaptop and Notebook Computer s
Pr inter s
Per ipherals
Modems
PDAs/Hand-Held Devices/Palmtop Computer s
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LM2576/LM2576HV Ser ies
SIMPLE SWITCHER® 3A Step-Down Voltage Regulator
General Descr iption
The LM2576 series of regulators are monolithic integrated
circuits that provide all the active functions for a step-down
(buck) switching regulator, capable of driving 3A load with
excellent line and load regulation. These devices are available
in fixed output voltages of 3.3V, 5V, 12V, 15V, and an
adjustable output version.
Requiring a minimum number of external components, these
regulators are simple to use and include internal frequency
compensation and a fixed-frequency oscillator.
The LM2576 series offers a high-efficiency replacement for
popular three-terminal linear regulators. It substantially reducesthe size of the heat sink, and in some cases no heat
sink is required.
A standard series of inductors optimized for use with the
LM2576 are available from several different manufacturers.
This feature greatly simplifies the design of switch-mode
power supplies.
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Other features include a guaranteed 4% tolerance on output
voltage within specified input voltages and output load
conditions, and 10% on the oscillator frequency. External
shutdown is included, featuring 50 A (typical) standby current.The output switch includes cycle-by-cycle current limiting,
as well as thermal shutdown for full protection under
fault conditions.
Featur es
n 3.3V, 5V, 12V, 15V, and adjustable output versions
n Adjustable version output voltage range,
1.23V to 37V (57V for HV version) 4% max over
line and load conditions
n Guaranteed 3A output current
n Wide input voltage range, 40V up to 60V for
HV version
n Requires only 4 external components
n 52 kHz fixed frequency internal oscillator
n TTL shutdown capability, low power standby mode
n High efficiency
n Uses readily available standard inductors
n Thermal shutdown and current limit protection
n P+ Product Enhancement tested
)
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Applications
n Simple high-efficiency step-down (buck) regulator
n Efficient pre-regulator for linear regulators
n On-card switching regulators
n Positive to negative converter (Buck-Boost
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