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Ethical and Social...J.M.KizzaEthical and Social...J.M.Kizza 11
Module 12: New Frontiers for Module 12: New Frontiers for Computer Ethics: CyberspaceComputer Ethics: Cyberspace IntroductionIntroduction
Cyberspace and the Concepts of Telepresence and Cyberspace and the Concepts of Telepresence and ImmersionImmersion
Securing CyberspaceSecuring Cyberspace
Intellectual Property Rights in CyberspaceIntellectual Property Rights in Cyberspace
Regulating and Censoring Cyberspace Regulating and Censoring Cyberspace
The Social Value of CyberspaceThe Social Value of Cyberspace
Privacy in CyberspacePrivacy in Cyberspace
Global Cyber EthicsGlobal Cyber Ethics
Cyberspace Lingua FrancaCyberspace Lingua Franca
Global Cyber CultureGlobal Cyber Culture
IntroductionIntroduction
When William Gibson first coined the word cyberspace in his novel When William Gibson first coined the word cyberspace in his novel Neuromancer, he was describing the vision of a three-dimensional Neuromancer, he was describing the vision of a three-dimensional space of pure information consisting of networks of computers space of pure information consisting of networks of computers linking people, machines, and other objects as information sources linking people, machines, and other objects as information sources and sinks. and sinks.
Cyberspace is a global artificial reality environment based on a Cyberspace is a global artificial reality environment based on a global mesh of interconnected computer networks allowing and global mesh of interconnected computer networks allowing and making it possible for anyone using a point of entry device like a making it possible for anyone using a point of entry device like a computer, smartphone, or any other Internetenabled electronic computer, smartphone, or any other Internetenabled electronic device to reach anyone else, with the potential to access the mesh, device to reach anyone else, with the potential to access the mesh, through a one-on-one, one-to-many, and many-to-one through a one-on-one, one-to-many, and many-to-one communication capabilities or through broadcasting via the World communication capabilities or through broadcasting via the World Wide Web. Wide Web.
Ethical and Social...J.M.KizzaEthical and Social...J.M.Kizza 22
Cyberspace and the Concepts of Telepresence Cyberspace and the Concepts of Telepresence and Immersionand Immersion
When one is in cyberspace, there is a feeling of being in a location When one is in cyberspace, there is a feeling of being in a location other than where one actually is. other than where one actually is.
This is a notion of telepresence, a feeling one gets of being present This is a notion of telepresence, a feeling one gets of being present at a place other than their true location. at a place other than their true location.
This feeling and sometimes the ability to control a robot or another This feeling and sometimes the ability to control a robot or another device at a distance gives cyberspace and in fact makes device at a distance gives cyberspace and in fact makes cyberspace a virtual environment. Whether in cyberspace or not, cyberspace a virtual environment. Whether in cyberspace or not, telepresence, as a concept, requires that the users’ senses be telepresence, as a concept, requires that the users’ senses be provided with such stimuli as to give the feeling of being in that other provided with such stimuli as to give the feeling of being in that other location. location.
Ethical and Social...J.M.KizzaEthical and Social...J.M.Kizza 33
Securing CyberspaceSecuring Cyberspace
Keeping cyberspace users secure is a daunting job that requires Keeping cyberspace users secure is a daunting job that requires advanced detection techniques and prevention methods. advanced detection techniques and prevention methods.
We do this by:We do this by:– Detecting Attacks in CyberspaceDetecting Attacks in Cyberspace– Performing Cyberspace ForensicsPerforming Cyberspace Forensics– Performing Intrusion Detection in CyberspacePerforming Intrusion Detection in Cyberspace
Ethical and Social...J.M.KizzaEthical and Social...J.M.Kizza 44
Ethical and Social...J.M.KizzaEthical and Social...J.M.Kizza 55
Cyberspace Access Cyberspace Access
Types of cyberspace access (most common)Types of cyberspace access (most common)– Direct connectionDirect connection– Dial up( SLIP, PPP)Dial up( SLIP, PPP)– DSLDSL
Politics of cyberspace accessPolitics of cyberspace access– Digital divide Digital divide
Geography Geography EducationEducationRaceRaceAge Age
Ethical and Social...J.M.KizzaEthical and Social...J.M.Kizza 66
Intellectual Property RightsIntellectual Property Rights
Internet paradox – Internet technology Internet paradox – Internet technology requires fast access, maximum requires fast access, maximum compatibility in service and low costs:compatibility in service and low costs:
Mass access creates competitionMass access creates competition
Much of what is moved on the Internet is Much of what is moved on the Internet is intellectual property, therefore, protected by intellectual property, therefore, protected by intellectual property laws and statutes- intellectual property laws and statutes-
fosters monopoly.fosters monopoly.
Ethical and Social...J.M.KizzaEthical and Social...J.M.Kizza 77
Regulating and Cyberspace Regulating and Cyberspace CensorshipCensorship
Reasons for Internet censorship:Reasons for Internet censorship:Terrorism Terrorism HistoricalHistoricalSocialSocialPoliticalPoliticalCulturalCulturalEconomicEconomic
Internet censorship is expensive:Internet censorship is expensive:Highly specialized and rich graphics that require latest Highly specialized and rich graphics that require latest equipmentequipmentNeed for highly trained people to do the jobNeed for highly trained people to do the job
Ethical and Social...J.M.KizzaEthical and Social...J.M.Kizza 88
Cyberspace Censorship…Cyberspace Censorship…
Internet convergence, one-fits-all, a combo of Internet convergence, one-fits-all, a combo of telecommunication, broadcasting and computer telecommunication, broadcasting and computer servicesservicesChanging nature of material and content Changing nature of material and content
Lack of internationally accepted judicial Lack of internationally accepted judicial systemssystemsTransient nature of membership of Transient nature of membership of cyberspace -cyberzenscyberspace -cyberzensLack of allegiance Lack of allegiance
Ethical and Social...J.M.KizzaEthical and Social...J.M.Kizza 99
Cyberspace Censorship…Cyberspace Censorship…
Measures being undertaken:Measures being undertaken:– LegislationLegislation– Self-regulationSelf-regulation– Hotlines/advocacyHotlines/advocacy– EducationEducation
Ethical and Social...J.M.KizzaEthical and Social...J.M.Kizza 1010
Privacy in CyberspacePrivacy in Cyberspace
Individual privacy under attack through Individual privacy under attack through electronic monitoring, surveillance, electronic monitoring, surveillance, transmission, scanning and tappingtransmission, scanning and tapping
Also more efficient means of collecting, Also more efficient means of collecting, categorizing, and sorting datacategorizing, and sorting data
Ethical and Social...J.M.KizzaEthical and Social...J.M.Kizza 1111
Cyberspace Security Cyberspace Security
Security of information in two areas:Security of information in two areas:– At the server At the server
FirewallsFirewalls
– During transmissionDuring transmissionEncryption Encryption
AuthenticationAuthentication
Ethical and Social...J.M.KizzaEthical and Social...J.M.Kizza 1212
Global Ethical StandardsGlobal Ethical Standards
Chances of an emergence of a global Chances of an emergence of a global ethical standardethical standard– Conflicting global ideologies:Conflicting global ideologies:
PoliticsPolitics
ReligionReligion
– Deferring global culturesDeferring global cultures– Small Internet etiquettes – beginning to get Small Internet etiquettes – beginning to get
globalglobal
Ethical and Social...J.M.KizzaEthical and Social...J.M.Kizza 1313
Global Lingua FrancaGlobal Lingua Franca
The emergence of a global lingua francaThe emergence of a global lingua franca
Major languages:Major languages:EnglishEnglish
FrenchFrench
GermanGerman
RussianRussian
ChineseChinese
Factors influencing growth of a global language:Factors influencing growth of a global language:CommerceCommerce
MilitaryMilitary
Ethical and Social...J.M.KizzaEthical and Social...J.M.Kizza 1414
Global Cyber CultureGlobal Cyber Culture
International migration and travelsInternational migration and travelsCyber communities observing certain culturesCyber communities observing certain culturesFactors influencing the growth of global culture:Factors influencing the growth of global culture:
CommerceCommerceMilitaryMilitaryMigrationsMigrations
Factors working against growth of global culture:Factors working against growth of global culture:Ideologies (political, religious)Ideologies (political, religious)Differing culturesDiffering culturesmistrustmistrust
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