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Incorporating Sustainable Approaches in Site Remediation
Evaluating sustainable remediation methods for brownfields redevelopment projects (BRPs)
Dr.-Ing. Uwe HiesterDr.-Ing. Volker Schrenk
Seite 209. Nov. 2009 Seite 2Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Introduction
Brownfield redevelopmentTechnical preparation of the construction site
Demolition
Subsoil improvement
Subsurface remediation
Brownfield Redeveloped site
Life cycle assessment EnvironmentalImpactsEnvironmental
Protection
2
Seite 309. Nov. 2009 Seite 3Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Primary environmentalimpacts
Contamination
Secondaryenvironmental impacts
Energy
Materials
Waste
Emissions
Noise
Introduction
Seite 409. Nov. 2009 Seite 4Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
1. Development of methods for a simplified quantitative estimation of environmental impacts
2. Development of new procedures for the evaluation of environmental impacts
3. Formulation of recommendations for a sustainable remediation management
Providingnew insights and tools
on the basis of LCA in order tominimize environmental impacts
of remediation measures
Research objectives
3
Seite 509. Nov. 2009 Seite 5Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Basic information about remediation techniques
Seite 609. Nov. 2009 Seite 6Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
2,389561External disposal
1,072153Decontamination
841591Containment
358117Relocation on-site
4,6601,422Total
Contaminated sitesLandfill sites
Overview of remediation technologies applied in NRW
LANUV NRW 2007
4
Seite 709. Nov. 2009 Seite 7Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
4015Others40325Pump & Treat (P&T)44340Hydraulic technologies062Landfill gas extraction36037Soil vapour extraction (SVE)36099Pneumatic technologies121Soil washing or extraction1775Biological technologies808Thermal technologies1,072153Decontamination
Contaminatedsites
Landfill sites
LANUV NRW 2007
Overview of remediation technologies applied in NRW
3 remediation methods
• Excavation and Disposal
• ‘cold‘ SVE
• Pump & Treat
cover 2/3 of the market
Seite 809. Nov. 2009 Seite 8Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
4423Hydraulic containment2027Pneumatic containment1012Immobilization02Bottom lining1811Vertical barrier27694Sealing for traffic or other uses300297Surface coverage173125Surface sealing767529Encapsulation841591Containment
Contaminatedsites
Landfill sites
LANUV NRW 2007
Overview of remediation technologies applied in NRW
5
Seite 909. Nov. 2009 Seite 9Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
The REVIT-study
Seite 1009. Nov. 2009 Seite 10Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Analysis
Sending record sheets to project managers
Dat
a C
olle
ctio
n
Verification by reconsiteInterview about project details
Transcribing of existing research results to recordsheet
Check wether projectmanagers in Stuttgart are
willing to collaborate
Transcribing of existing results to record sheet fora single project
Interview about project details
Revision record sheet
Check wether project managersare willing to collaborate
Sending record sheet to project managers
Pilo
t Pro
ject
Evaluation record sheet
Record sheet
Researching of brownfield redevelopment projects Evaluation of projects
Res
earc
h
List of projects
Procedure of the investigation
6
Seite 1109. Nov. 2009 Seite 11Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
REVIT-Study: Remediation methods @ brownfield redev. proj.
50 collected projects
40 evaluated projects
14 projects analysed in detail
The REVIT-Study
Seite 1209. Nov. 2009 Seite 12Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Overview of the projects
Housing – trade – servicesSubsequent use
All of the 14 in detail examined projects were successful
Success of remediation
6 month up to 20 yearsDuration of remediation
0 years to 40 yearsDuration of brownfields
LHKW, BTEX, PAH, MKW, heavy metalsPollutants
5000 – 320000 m²Size
Industry – commerce – military – railway yard
Former use
7
Seite 1309. Nov. 2009 Seite 13Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Selection criteria for remediation technologies
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Technical reliabilty ofthe technology
Costs
Time needed
Future useNumber of times mentioned
Seite 1409. Nov. 2009 Seite 14Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Results – Overview (new definition)
Alternative2ImmobilizationAlternative3Containment by sealing with buildings Alternative5Containment structuresAlternative6Surface sealingAlternative1Soil vapour extractionAlternative6Biological treatment off-siteAlternative1Biological treatment on-siteAlternative2Thermal treatment (ex-situ)Alternative1Soil washing (ex-situ)Standard29Excavation & disposal
Technology ratingNumber of application
Technology
8
Seite 1509. Nov. 2009 Seite 15Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Results – Overview (old definition)
proven2Immobilizationproven3Containment by sealing with buildings proven5Containment structures
proveninnovative character: sealing material buildings allowed
6Surface sealingproven1Soil vapour extraction
proven6Biological treatment off-siteproven1Biological treatment on-siteproven2Thermal treatment (ex-situ)proven1Soil Washing (ex-situ)proven (Standard)29Excavation & disposal
Technology ratingNumber of application
Technology
Seite 1609. Nov. 2009 Seite 16Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Alternative2Funnel & GateAlternative1Air-Sparging
Standard• innovative Character: filtration technology
7Pump & TreatAlternative1Groundwater circulation wellInnovative2Microbiological in-situ methodsAlternative1Mixed-in-place vertical barrier alternative1Vertical barrier
Technology ratingNumber of application
Technology
Results – Overview (new definition)
9
Seite 1709. Nov. 2009 Seite 17Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
innovative2Funnel & Gateinnovative1Air-Sparging
proven• innovative character: filtration technique
7Pump & Treatinnovative1Groundwater circulation wellinnovative2Microbiological in-situ methodsinnovative1Mixed-in-place vertical barrier proven1Vertical barrier
Technology ratingNumber of application
Technology
Results – Overview (old definition)
Seite 1809. Nov. 2009 Seite 18Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Num
ber o
f ana
lyze
d re
med
iatio
n ap
plic
atio
ns [-
]
Soil remediation Combined soil andgroundwater remediation
Groundwater remediation
Application of conventional remediation technologiesThereof conventional technologies with partly innovative characterApplication of innovative remediation technologies
56
2 1 47
1 3
Results – Overview (old definition)
10
Seite 1909. Nov. 2009 Seite 19Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Num
ber o
f ana
lyze
d re
med
iatio
n ap
plic
atio
ns [-
]
Soil remediation Combined soil andgroundwater remediation
Groundwater remediation
Application of conventional remediation technologiesThereof conventional technologies with partly innovative characterApplication of innovative remediation technologies
56
2 1 47
1 3
Application of remediation methods
Seite 2009. Nov. 2009 Seite 20Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
The LCA of remediation techniques
11
Seite 2109. Nov. 2009 Seite 21Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Applied LCA Method
Weight
Pressure Head
Power
Distance
Time of Operation
Fuel
Electricity
Bitumen
HDPE
CO2
Crude OilGlobal
Warming
Water Consumption
Consumption of Fossil
Resources
Generation of the LCAEngineering: Data Generation
Software: Computation of the LCA
ConsumptionData
InputData
Life CycleInventoryAnalysis
Life CycleImpact
Assessment
Project Information
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
Water
......
......
......
......
......
SO2
......
......
......
......
......
CH4
...... Life
Cyc
le In
terp
reta
tion
Prac
tical
Dec
isio
ns
Acidification
......
Certificates
Text for Invitat-ion of Tenders
Reports
Interviews
......
......
Seite 2209. Nov. 2009 Seite 22Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
[TJ]
0
20
40
60
80
100
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
[%]
Dekontamination
Transporte
Bautätigkeiten
Transportation
Construction works
Remediation
dig+dump On siteOff site In situ Dig + dump On siteOff site In situ
Comparing projects: ‘Cumulative energy demand’
absolute values
projects projects
relative values
12
Seite 2309. Nov. 2009 Seite 23Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
[TJ]
0
20
40
60
80
100
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
[%]
Dekontamination
Transporte
Bautätigkeiten
Transportation
Construction works
Remediation
dig+dump On siteOff site In situ Dig + dump On siteOff site In situ
Comparing projects: ‘Cumulative energy demand’
absolute values
projects projects
relative values
Seite 2409. Nov. 2009 Seite 24Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
[TJ]
0
20
40
60
80
100
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
[%]
Dekontamination
Transporte
Bautätigkeiten
Transportation
Construction works
Remediation
dig+dump On siteOff site In situ Dig + dump On siteOff site In situ
Comparing projects: ‘Cumulative energy demand’
absolute values
projects projects
relative values
13
Seite 2509. Nov. 2009 Seite 25Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
[TJ]
0
20
40
60
80
100
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
[%]
Dekontamination
Transporte
Bautätigkeiten
Transportation
Construction works
Remediation
dig+dump On siteOff site In situ Dig + dump On siteOff site In situ
Comparing projects: ‘Cumulative energy demand’
absolute values
projects projects
relative values
Seite 2609. Nov. 2009 Seite 26Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Simplification method for the LCAMeasures / actions < 5 % in the main impact categories:
- Construction site set-up
- Transportation of material
- Control trips
- Transportation of persons
- Drilling work
Identifying and neglecting!
Measures / actions > 30 % in the main impact categories:
- Excavation
- Mass transport
- Energy intensive remediation techniques
Balancing!
14
Seite 2709. Nov. 2009 Seite 27Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Unsaturated Zone
• Deadlines
• Low disposal costs
• Need for a definitely clean site
• Foundation of new buildings
• Clearly defined point sources of contamination
Reasons for excavation & disposal
• Cost of disposal
• Depths of the contaminated zone
• Accessibility
• Surroundings
• Health and safety issueshttp://www.carrieresfeidt.lu/
Seite 2809. Nov. 2009 Seite 28Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
LCA-Results: Excavation and Removal
Project results Schrottverwerter:TransportationConstruction Decontamination
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cumulative Energy Demand
Fossil Resources Consumption
Land Consumption
Global Warming
Acidification
Summersmog
Humantoxicity Air (distant)
Humantoxicity Water
Exhalation
Humantoxicity Air (nearby)
Impa
ct C
ateg
orie
s
[%]
15
Seite 2909. Nov. 2009 Seite 29Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Results: Excavation and Removal
• Transportation distances often > 200 km• Mass transports dominate most of the impact categories • Fate of excavated material?• Refilling material may be necessary
Mass transports
Simplification of the LCA
Seite 3009. Nov. 2009 Seite 30Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Unsaturated Zone
www.zueblin.dewww.Schmid-umweltschutz.de
www.al.fh-osnabrueck.de/14251.html
Excavation & Soil Treatment & Disposal
Soil washing (off-site)
Biological treatment (on-site/off-site)
Thermal Treatment(off-site)
16
Seite 3109. Nov. 2009 Seite 31Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Results: Off site measures
• Potential environmental impact emphasis on transportation and remediation
• Transportation rate often > 50 % in most life cycle assessment impact categories
• Environmental impacts:Ex-situ thermal treatment > Soil washing > Biological treatment
• Disposal of decontaminated material is very important: recyclingor disposal?
Simplification of the LCA
Mass transports
Remediation technique
Seite 3209. Nov. 2009 Seite 32Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Results: On site measures
Simplification of LCA
• Potential environmental impacts caused by construction operations, transportation, and the applied remediation technique
• The influence on the impact categories is depending on the type of remediation technique and on the extent of construction measures and mass transportation
• Important: displacement of decontaminated material for backfilling
Mass transports
Remediation technique
Construction measures
17
Seite 3309. Nov. 2009 Seite 33Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Surface sealing
Well tried methods:
Encapsulation
Vertical Barriers
Immobilization
www.al.fh-osnabrueck.de/14251.html
Unsaturated/Saturated Zone
Containment measures
www.walo.ch
Seite 3409. Nov. 2009 Seite 34Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Saturated Zone
Pump & Treat
Air-Sparging
Groundwater circulation well
Microbiological remediation techniques
Funnel & Gate
http://dmi.stadtwerke-karlsruhe.de/index_public.html
Well tried methods: Innovation:
Filter-technique
18
Seite 3509. Nov. 2009 Seite 35Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
LCA-Results: In situ measures
Project results Metallverarbeitender Betrieb A: (metal processingcompany A) TransportationConstruction Decontamination
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cumulative Energy Demand
Fossil Resources Consumption
Land Consumption
Global Warming
Acidification
Summersmog
Humantoxicity Air (distant)
Humantoxicity Water
Exhalation
Humantoxicity Air (nearby)
Impa
ct C
ateg
orie
s
[%]
Seite 3609. Nov. 2009 Seite 36Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Results: In situ measures
• Remediation technique and the operation time of the facility arethe driving factors
• Essential environmentally relevant facility components:– pumps to discharge groundwater and soil-air– extracted air cleanup/water cleanup installations
• Transportation and construction operation are often not relevant
Simplification of the LCA
Operation time of pumps
Consumption of activated carbon
19
Seite 3709. Nov. 2009 Seite 37Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Short distance to remediation plant?
In-situ measurespossible?
Short running time
Innovative procedures (e.g. TUBA, THERIS)yes
Backfilling with treated material
Backfilling with recycling material
Use of decontaminated material
yes
Off-site measures possible?
Thermal treatment or immobilization
no
Selecting adequate transportation: Ship better than train better than truck
Dig and dump
Short distance to landfill site?
yes
no
yes
Selecting an adequate procedure
nono
no
no
Practical advice for a sustainable remediation management
Biological treatment orsoil washing possible?
On-site measures possible?
Seite 3809. Nov. 2009 Seite 38Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Short distance to remediation plant?
In-situ measurespossible?
Short running time
Innovative procedures (e.g. TUBA)yes
Backfilling with treated material
Backfilling with recycling material
Use of decontaminated material
yes
Off-site measures possible?
Thermal treatment or immobilization
no
Selecting adequate transportation: Ship better than train better than truck
Dig and dump
Short distance to landfill site?
yes
no
yes
Selecting an adequate procedure
nono
no
no
Practical advice for a sustainable remediation management
Biological treatment orsoil washing possible?
On-site measures possible?
Preferring on site remediation techniques
Reducing transport distances and choosing type of transport
Adjusting the land development
20
Seite 3909. Nov. 2009 Seite 39Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Optimisation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Off Site Treatment,Transportation by
Truck
On Site Treatment Off Site Treatment,Transportation by
TrainOptions
Cum
ulat
ive
Ener
gy D
eman
d [J
oule
* 10
12]
Remediation
Transport
Construction
Seite 4009. Nov. 2009 Seite 40Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Requirements for remediation technologies
- Cost efficiency: Techniques have to be at least equal to the standard technologies or preferably more favorable with respect to
cost and efficiency
- Remediation goals should be reliably obtainable in a certain period of time: Assessable of remediation time
- Interfaces: between remediation technologies and other construction processes in a brownfields redevelopment project
should be controllable.
Scale in the unsaturated zone: Excavation & Disposal
21
Seite 4109. Nov. 2009 Seite 41Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Conclusions (1)
1. The application of innovative remediation technologies in brownfield redevelopment projects is not commen
2. LCA should focus on main parameters of remediation measures
3. Excavation & disposal in 70 % of all examined cases, because: - only 15 % of the examined remediation were groundwater
contaminations- decontamination was the main goal - combination with the demolishing of buildings and other
construction actions
4. Mass transportation often dominates the environmental impacts
Seite 4209. Nov. 2009 Seite 42Evaluating sustainable remediation methods
Conclusions (2)
5. Saturated zone: pump & treat and the use of alternative remediation technologies:- Funnel & Gate- Microbiological remediation methods
6. Impacts of in-situ remediation measures depend on the running time
7. Formulation of requirements for the application of other remediation technologies instead of excavation & disposal or pump & treat- cost-efficient- reliable reaching of remediation goals
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