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EXERCISE SCIENCE
TREATMENT OF AN INJURYp. 73 - 79
Signs of an injuryFirst aid treatment
THE SHOULDER JOINTTHE KNEE JOINT
THE ANKLE JOINT
TREATMENT OF AN INJURY
Signs of an injury: SHARP• Swelling• Heat• Altered appearance and function• Red in colour• Painful
TREATMENT OF AN INJURY
First aid treatment immediately following an injury: PIER principle
• Pressure – applied with ice; left on 10 – 20 min, similar break time; repeat
• Ice – avoid heat during initial days of an injury (will promote swelling)
• Elevation during icing to help reduce swelling• Restricted (rested) using tensors and slings
THE SHOULDER JOINT
Glenohumeral joint – classified as synovial ball-and-socket joint
• the instability of this joint is what permits its excellent mobility
• the joint is held together by several ligaments and the tendon of the biceps brachii which helps to support the joint anteriorly
• very susceptible to injuries from overuse and from heavy physical contact
THE SHOULDER JOINT
Biceps Tendinitis• overuse injury from overworking or
overloading the joint (not enough rest given)• symptoms: pain on proximal end of the biceps
(pain during shoulder or elbow flexion)
THE SHOULDER JOINT
Shoulder Separation• occurs at the acromioclavicular joint (tearing of
the acromioclavicular ligament)• x-rays are used to determine the severity of the
tear• injury results from contact with another player
or fall on the shoulder• 3rd degree tears may require surgery; recovery
accelerated with physio
THE SHOULDER JOINT
Shoulder Dislocation• results when the head of the humerus pops out of the
glenoid fossa• this injury results from a hit or fall (tears to the
glenohumeral ligament and joint capsule)• attempts to relocate the shoulder may results in
permanent damage to numerous vital nerves and blood vessels
• should only be attempted by qualified personnel• surgery may be required for third-degree
dislocations
THE SHOULDER JOINT
Rotator Cuff Tears• 4 rotator cuff muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus,
teres minor, and subscapularis• tears may occur to one or all four of the muscles; 3
of the muscles share a common tendon attachment• causes difficulty and pain when abducting and
laterally or medially rotating the shoulder• apply PIER principle to speed up diagnosis and
healing
THE KNEE JOINT
• This joint is the articulation of the tibia and femur (not fibula)
• originally classified as synovial (modified hinge), but now classified as a modified ellipsoid joint because it is now known to slightly rotate medially and laterally
THE KNEE JOINT
Knee Ligament Tears• the most common tears result from blows to
the lateral side of the knee, which results in damage to the medial side
• the first tissue to tear is the joint capsule, and if severe enough, will damage the medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament, as well
THE KNEE JOINT
Knee Ligament Tears• women are more susceptible to ACL tears and other
knee injuries because of their wider Q-angle (quadriceps angle)
• the Q-angle is formed in the frontal plane; a line is drawn from:
• the centre of the patella to the anterior superior iliac spine
• the other is from the tibial tuberosity to the centre of the patella extending up the thigh
THE KNEE JOINT
Knee Ligament Tears• the width of the pelvis determines the size of
the Q angle• the greater angle in women, causes forces to
the concentrated on the ligament each time the knee twists
• proper stretching and strengthening will decrease the chance of injury
THE KNEE JOINT
OSGOOD-SCHLATTER Syndrome What is it? What causes it? • a result of osteochondritis (a disease of the
ossification centres in the bones of young children)
• growing pains for the child• in growing child, the growth plates of the tibial
tuberosities can become irritated or inflamed if overloaded or overused
THE KNEE JOINT
OSGOOD-SCHLATTER SYNDROME What tissues are affected? Who does it affect?• more prevalent in males• running & jumping stresses the patellar
tendon and ligament, causing inflammation of the cartilage layer in that growth plate
THE KNEE JOINT
OSGOOD-SCHLATTER SYNDROMEFuture implications & treatment• does not affect growth of child or damage
epiphyseal plate• must be diagnosed by physician• follow PIER
THE KNEE JOINT
PATELLOFEMORAL SYNDROME (PFS) What is it? What causes it? • gradual onset of anterior knee pain or pain
around the patella• the pain is a result of increased or misdirected
forces between the patella and femur• aggravated by sports (running, VB, BB...)
THE KNEE JOINT
PATELLOFEMORAL SYNDROME (PFS) What tissues are affected? Who does it affect?• usually affects adolescents or young adults,
more often women• debate/lack of concensus on factors• overuse, overloading, and misuse of
patellofemoral jt. are agreed (researchers)
THE KNEE JOINT
PATELLOFEMORAL SYNDROME (PFS) Future implications & treatment • treat with PIER• if pain persists, seek medical care
THE ANKLE JOINT
THE ANKLE JOINT• classified as modified hinge • comprised of tibia, fibula and talus
THE ANKLE JOINT
Inversion sprains• inversion sprains are common injuries (rolling over on ankle)• ankle is weakest when plantar flexed; thus when you jump and
land hard to change direction, the ankle plantar flexes with great force
• this injury can affect one or all of the lateral ligaments of ankle• the severity of the sprain dictates the amount of time needed for
healing• surgery is rare (even in 3rd degree)• sprains described as low or high; high involve damage to one or
both anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments• apply PIER
THE ANKLE JOINT
Eversion sprains• rare; a very strong deltoid ligament attaches the medial malleolus
to 3 bones of the foot, causing tip of medial malleolus to tear off• Pott’s Fracture – most severe eversion injury – the tip of the
medial malleolus is broken, as is the fibula• Cause: a force on the medial side of ankle, causing deltoid
ligament to rip off the tip of the medial malleolus and a break of the fibula
• Treatment: case 8 to 12 weeks, then intense physio• Future implications: not career-ending; won’t break in same spot
again; care and rehabilitation should be adhered to in order to prevent future weakness
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