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Radio Network Planning Process
Training Document
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Radio Network Planning Process
The information in this document is subject to change without notice and describes only theproduct defined in the introduction of this documentation. This document is intended for theuse of Nokia Networks' customers only for the purposes of the agreement under which thedocument is submitted, and no part of it may be reproduced or transmitted in any form ormeans without the prior written permission of Nokia Networks. The document has been
prepared to be used by professional and properly trained personnel, and the customerassumes full responsibility when using it. Nokia Networks welcomes customer comments aspart of the process of continuous development and improvement of the documentation.
The information or statements given in this document concerning the suitability, capacity, orperformance of the mentioned hardware or software products cannot be considered bindingbut shall be defined in the agreement made between Nokia Networks and the customer.However, Nokia Networks has made all reasonable efforts to ensure that the instructionscontained in the document are adequate and free of material errors and omissions. NokiaNetworks will, if necessary, explain issues which may not be covered by the document.
Nokia Networks' liability for any errors in the document is limited to the documentarycorrection of errors. Nokia Networks WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE IN ANY EVENT FORERRORS IN THIS DOCUMENT OR FOR ANY DAMAGES, INCIDENTAL ORCONSEQUENTIAL (INCLUDING MONETARY LOSSES), that might arise from the use of this document or the information in it.
This document and the product it describes are considered protected by copyrightaccording to the applicable laws.
NOKIA logo is a registered trademark of Nokia Corporation.
Other product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks of their respectivecompanies, and they are mentioned for identification purposes only.
Copyright ©Nokia Oyj 2003. All rights reserved.
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents
0 Objectives ................................................................................... 4
1 Introduction and Pre-planning .................................................. 5 1.1 Network Planning Competence ................................................... 5 1.2 Network Characteristics............................................................... 5 1.3 Scope of Network Planning.......................................................... 6 1.4 Cellular Planning Process............................................................6 1.5 Input Data for a Planning Process ............................................... 8 1.6 Key Dimensioning Quantities....................................................... 9
2 Detailed Planning ..................................................................... 10 2.1 Coverage Planning.................................................................... 10 2.1.1 Coverage Planning Process ...................................................... 10 2.2 Coverage Requirements............................................................ 11
3 Site Select ion ........................................................................... 13 3.1 Site Locations ............................................................................13 3.1.1 Bad Site Location....................................................................... 13 3.1.2 Good Site Location.................................................................... 13 3.1.3 Site Selection Criteria ................................................................ 14 3.2 Site Building Process................................................................. 15 3.3 Site Information.......................................................................... 15
4 Post -Planning ........................................................................... 17
5 Documentation ......................................................................... 18
6 Signal Measurements .............................................................. 19 6.1 Measurement Types.................................................................. 19 6.1.1 Measurement Methods.............................................................. 19 6.1.2 Choice of Routes ....................................................................... 20 6.1.3 Interpretation of Results............................................................. 20
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Radio Network Planning Process
1 Objectives
At the end of this module the participant will be able to:
• Describe the radio network planning process
• Describe the major tasks in the planning process
• Describe the planning tools for the different phases
• Describe the input and output documents (data)
• Describe the planning environment
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2 Introduction and Pre-planning
2.1 Network Planning Competence
Traditional network operators (old PTTs) tend to do their very own network
planning following their internal structures. The advantage is detailed
knowledge of their network; disadvantages are often low efficiency and no
up-to-date knowledge of new techniques and features.
New network operators often come from a “non-telecom” background and
have no or little resources capable of doing network planning. Therefore this
task is often subcontracted to other companies.
Some infrastructure suppliers also offer network planning in more or less
detail. They usually require the use of their own equipment and have good
knowledge of internal limitations and “undocumented features” of the
equipment.
Many consulting companies also offer network planning services. Their main
advantage is independence from manufacturers. This makes them the natural
choice for operators in the license-tendering phase. It is difficult for
consulting companies to stay up-to-date with the latest information
concerning equipment capabilities of different suppliers.
2.2 Network Characteristics
Each operator’s network will have different characteristics. These “strategic”
intentions of the operator shall also be reflected in the network topology in
order to tailor a network according to the needs. The first operator in a
country could for example aim for plain coverage, whereas the second
operator could target for competitive pricing. The strategy of the third
operator could be replacing the wireline phones.
The following factors should also be taken into account when making the
planning:
• Expected roamer numbers and locations
• Existing international regulations at border areas
• Are microwave links or leased lines the preferred solution?
Each network philosophy calls for a different planning approach.
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Radio Network Planning Process
2.3 Scope of Network Planning
Network Planning is a complex task involving interactions with many
different functions within the operator’s organisations. Some tasks areiterative, therefore rather time and resource consuming.
Figure 1 shows the main dependencies and interactions within the scope of
network planning.
Network planning team
data acquisition
site survey and selection
field measurement evaluation
NW design and analysis
transmission planningNetwork design
•number and configuration of B S
•antenna systems specifications
•BS S topology
•dimensioning of transmission lines
• frequency plan
•network evolution strategy
Network performance
•grade of service (blocking)
•outage calculations
• interference probabilities
•quality observation
Customer requirements
•coverage requirements
•quality of service
• recommended sites
• subscriber forecasts
External information sources
• topo- & morphological data
•population data
•bandwidth available
• frequency co-ordinationconstraints
Interactions with
⇔ external subcontractors
⇔ site hunting teams
⇔ measurement teams
⇔ operator
⇔ switch planning engineers
Figure 1. Scope of network planning
2.4 Cellular Planning Process
Coverage planning is an iterative and time-consuming task. It involves rounds
of discussions and decisions with site acquisition people. Figure 2 belowshows the main process stream.
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external inputs:(traffic, subs. forecast,coverage requirements...)
Initial NW dimensioning
TRX? , cells, sitesbandwidth neededNW topology
nominal cellplansuggestions for
site locationscell parameters
coverage achieved
coverage prediction
signal strengthmultipath propagation
Sitepre-validation
site inspection
site accepted ?
real cellplanfield measurements
planningcriteria fulfilled?
N
N
N
create celldata forBSC
go tofrequencyplanning
field measurements
Figure 2. Coverage planning
Inputs from operator’s marketing and business planning departments are
considered for the initial network design. Then follows the very iterative
process of coverage planning. Aim of the transmission plan is to minimise the
costs for transmission over the network’s life cycle. This then decides the
final network topology.
Frequency and interference calculations are iterated to the stage of acceptance
from the customer. This includes detailed inputs about traffic volumes and distributions expected in the network.
Parameter planning and tuning increases the network performance.
Figure 3. Cellular planning process
CoveragePlanning andSite Selection
CoveragePlanning andSite Selection
ParameterPlanningParameterPlanning
PropagationmeasurementsCoverageprediction
SiteacquisitionCoverageoptimization
PropagationmeasurementsCoverageprediction
SiteacquisitionCoverageoptimization
External InterferenceAnalysisExternal InterferenceAnalysis
NetworkConfigurationandDimensioning
NetworkConfigurationandDimensioning
PRE-PLANNING
DETAILED PLANNING
Traffic distribution
Service distributionAllowed blocking/queuingSystem features
IdentificationAdaptationIdentificationAdaptation
Area / Cellspecific
Handoverstrategies
Maximum
networkloading
Other RRM
NetworkOptimizationNetworkOptimization
POST-PLANNING
Surveymeasurements
Statisticalperformanceanalysis
QualityEfficiencyAvailability
Capacity Requirements
Requirementsand strategyfor coverage,quality andcapacity,
per service
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Radio Network Planning Process
marketing
business
plan
traffic
assumptions
initial NWdimensioning
freq. & inter-ference plan
transmissionplan
final NWtopology
parameterplanning
coverageplan
Figure 4. Cellular planning principles
2.5 Input Data for a Planning Process
Demographic Data: Demographic data are useful for estimating traffic
densities and distributions. Population distributions are valuable information
for placement of base stations, probable routing possibilities for terrestrial
lines etc.
Topographic Data: Before starting the coverage planning task, some
elementary topographic data need to be collected to get a first impression of the country’s characteristics. Useful sources of data are a close study of maps
and local knowledge obtainable from residents.
Map information includes e.g.
• location of main cities
• important roads
• location of mountain ranges
• inhabited area
• shore lines
Local knowledge includes
• typical formation of city skylines
• typical building architectures used
• structures of city
• local people’s habits (phone habits, normal working hours,
conversation styles...).
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2.6 Key Dimensioning Quantities
Some essential dimensioning figures for network design include:
• number of base stations needed for coverage reasons
• number of base stations needed for traffic reasons
• acceptable outage probabilities
• balance of interference level and acceptable frequency re-use rate
• bandwidth available
Note that design goals are interdependent. A network can only be optimised
with respect to a single parameter. The “overall optimum” is always a trade-
off and compromise between different aspects.
Design goals and rules must be clearly agreed with the customer before
starting the planning procedure.
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Radio Network Planning Process
3 Detailed Planning
3.1 Coverage Planning
Coverage planning is the first (and also most visible) step in the actual
network planning process.
3.1.1 Coverage Planning Process
The coverage planning process is a major portion of network planning. It
involves several iteration loops with respect to site selection, site negotiation
and measurements. Coverage Planning is a quite resources and time-
consuming task.
external inputs:(traffic, subs. forecast,coverage requirements...)
Initial NW dimensioning
TRX? , cells, sitesbandwidth neededNW topology
nominal cellplansuggestions for
site locationscell parameterscoverage achieved
coverage prediction
signal strengthmultipath propagation
Sitepre-validation
site inspection
site accepted ?
real cellplanfield measurements
planningcriteria fulfilled?
N
N
N
create celldata forBSC
go tofrequencyplanning
field measurements
Figure 5. Coverage planning process
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3.2 Coverage Requirements
The early and clean definition of coverage requirements is a fundamental
basis for network planning. This, of course, is on the traditional borderline of technical and marketing departments. Experience shows that this border is
seldom trespassed. However, the operators that have functioning co-operation
between technical and marketing staff are also the more successful operators.
The agreed targets should include:
• Roll-out phases & time schedules
• Coverage level requirements, i.e. coverage thresholds
− Agree on min. levels for outdoor coverage
• Indoor coverage area
• Mobile classes to plan for
• Operator’s cell deployment strategies
− Omni-cells in rural areas?
− 3-sector cells in urban areas?
− Minimum of 2 TRX per cell?
phase 1NW launch
rollout
phase 2
rollout
phase 3
Figure 6. Rollout phases
Coverage thresholds affect the cell size as shown in Figure 7. In a hilly area
the surrounding mountains have more effect on the cell size than what the
coverage thresholds do.
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Radio Network Planning Process
Figure 7. Coverage thresholds define the cell range in a flat open area
Full coverage of an area can never be guaranteed. Outages (see Figure 8) due
to coverage gaps and interference will always occur. The total location
probability in a cell is a function of the probability for no coverage and
interference:
(1- Pno_cov
) * (1- PIf )
Common values for the total location probability are between 90%-95% (time
and location probabilities).
Pno_cov
Pif
Figure 8. Outage areas
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4 Site Selection
4.1 Site Locations
Proper site location determines usefulness of its cells. Sites are expensive,
long-term investments. Site acquisition is a slow process and hundreds of sites
are needed per network. Hence a base station site is a valuable long-term asset
for the operator. That's the reason that planners need to visit each site.
4.1.1 Bad Site LocationHilltop locations for BS sites should be avoided as they cause:
• uncontrolled interference
• interleaved coverage
• awkward HO behaviours
• but: good location for microwave links!
wanted cell
boundary
uncontrolled, strong
interferences
interleaved coverage areas:weak own signal, strong foreign signal
Figure 9. Bad site location
4.1.2 Good Site Location
Sites off the hilltops are preferable as:
• hills can be used to separate cells
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Radio Network Planning Process
• contiguous coverage area
• only low antenna heights are needed if sites are slightly elevated above
valley bottom
wanted cellboundary
Figure 10. Good site location
4.1.3 Site Selection Criteria
Radio criteria for site selection:
• good view in main beam direction
• no surrounding high obstacles
• good visibility of terrain
• room for antenna mounting
• LOS to next microwave site
• short cabling distances
Non-radio criteria for site selection:
• space for equipment
• availability of leased lines or microwave link
• power supply
• access restrictions?
• house owner
• rental costs
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4.2 Site Building Process
issue search area& requirements
find suitablesite candidates
calculate coverage rangeof each candidate
propagationmeasurementsneeded ?
transmissionlinks available? sign contract
with site owner
get building permit
construction work
installing & testing
on air!
Figure 11. Site building process
Site acquisition is a slow process and hundreds of sites are needed per
network. Hence a base station site is a valuable long-term asset for theoperator. Therefore it is important to select good sites. They cannot be
changed easily.
4.3 Site Information
Collect all necessary information about site details. The necessary information
should include:
•
site co-ordinates, height above sea level, exact address• house owner
• type of building
• building materials (photo)
• possible antenna heights
• 360 degree photo (clearance view)
• neighbourhood, surrounding environment
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Radio Network Planning Process
• drawing sketch of rooftop
• antenna mounting conditions
• access possibilities (truck?, road, roof)
• BS location, approximate feeder lengths.
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5 Post-Planning
In post-planning verification, monitoring and optimisation tasks are carried
out in order to reach maximum capacity and quality from the radio network.
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Radio Network Planning Process
6 Documentation
All the information that is needed to rebuild a site has to be documented to a
site folder database. Also measurement results and e.g. traffic history should be documented.
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7 Signal Measurements
7.1 Measurement Types
Signal measurements can be divided into three different types. The different
types have different goals and are used in different phases of network
planning and optimisation.
7.1.1 Measurement Methods
Propagation measurements:
Purpose:
• check coverage area of site
• propagation model tuning
• site candidate evaluations
Method:
• test transmitter, mast, omni/directional antennas
• CW- signal
Time:
• planning phase
Functional test:
Purpose:
• after commissioning of site, verify complete BS installation (incl.
antennas)
• verify basic parameter settings (HO, power control )
Method:
• coverage audit, real antenna types, ant. directions & tilting
• use test mobile to check settings & record results
Time:
• pre-opening phase
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Radio Network Planning Process
Performance measurements:
Purpose:
• check the user’s perspective of live network performance
• secondary input to OMC information
• identify problem areas in network
Method:
• drive tests
• real network under live conditions
Time:
• commercial phase
7.1.2 Choice of Routes
Propagation measurements
• stay within coverage area of cell
• model tuning: preferably stay within a single land usage class
Functional tests
• radial from site into neighbouring cells
• check handovers in & out of cell
Performance measurements• define a random route once
• drive repeatedly (comparable results!)
7.1.3 Interpretation of Results
Propagation measurements
• signal averaging
• Lee’s criterion: min. 50 samples per 40 λ
• estimate accuracy of prediction
• database resolution
• model tuning
Functional tests
• identify incorrect parameter settings
• check missing HO relations
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Performance measurements
• detect misbehaviour of network
• calculate call success rate
• key performance indicators
• evaluate network behaviour under nominal conditions (subscriber’s
view).
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