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ChapterChapter 5
Types of Chemical Bond
IONIC BOND COVALENT BOND
ChapterChapter 5
Ionic Bonds
Metal Non-Metal
donate electron accept electron
ChapterChapter 5
ChapterChapter 5
In the formation of ionic bonds :
electrons are transferred from metal atoms to non-metal atoms.
metal atoms release valence electrons to form positive ions (cations).
Positive ions and negative ions are attracted to each other by strong electrostatic forces of attraction.
non-metal atoms receive electrons to form negative ions (anions).
ChapterChapter 5Sodium Chloride
A sodium atom with an electronic configuration 2.8.1 achieves stability when it releases one valence electron to form a sodium ion, Na+ an octet of electrons.
Na Na+ + e-
2.8.1 2.8
A chlorine atom with an electronic configuration 2.8.7 achieves stability when it accepts one electron from a sodium atom to form a chlorine ion, Cl- with an octet in its electronic configuration.
Cl + e- Cl-
2.8.7 2.8.8
ChapterChapter 5
ChapterChapter 5
Metal atoms will release their valence electrons to achieve the stable electron arrangement as in the inert gas.
Non-metal atoms will accept electrons in order to achieve the stable electron arrangement of the inert gas.
Ma XbNumber of electrons that will be received by X (or charge of X ion)
Number of electrons that will be released by M (or charge of M ion)
ChapterChapter 5
The total positive charge of the cation must be equal to the total negative charge of the anion in an ionic compound.
The formula of an ionic compound formed between them can also be derived as follows :
aMb+ + bXa- MaXb
Na+ + Cl- NaCl
ChapterChapter 5Example
1
Element M is an element from Group 13 and element X from Group 16 in the Periodic table. What is the formula of the compound formed between element M and element X ?
ChapterChapter 5
Solution 1
M from Group 13 has three valence electrons
and will form M3+ ion.
X from Group 16 will receive two electrons to
form X2- ion.
The formula of the compound is
M2X3
Charge of X ion
Charge of M ion
ChapterChapter 5
Group 15 ion, Z3-
Group 15 ion, Z3-
Group 15 ion, Z3-
Group 1 ion, M+
Group 2 ion, N2+
Group 13 ion, Q3+
Group 16 ion, Y2-
Group 16 ion, Y2-
Group 16 ion, Y2-
Group 1 ion, M+
Group 2 ion, N2+
Group 13 ion, Q3+
Group 17 ion, X-
Group 17 ion, X-
Group 17 ion, X-
Group 1 ion, M+
Group 2 ion, N2+
Group 13 ion, Q3+
Formula of compound
AnionCation
ChapterChapter 5
M3Z
N3Z2
QZ
Group 15 ion, Z3-
Group 15 ion, Z3-
Group 15 ion, Z3-
Group 1 ion, M+
Group 2 ion, N2+
Group 13 ion, Q3+
M2Y
NYQ2Y3
Group 16 ion, Y2-
Group 16 ion, Y2-
Group 16 ion, Y2-
Group 1 ion, M+
Group 2 ion, N2+
Group 13 ion, Q3+
MXNX2
QX3
Group 17 ion, X-
Group 17 ion, X-
Group 17 ion, X-
Group 1 ion, M+
Group 2 ion, N2+
Group 13 ion, Q3+
Formula of compound
AnionCation
ChapterChapter 5
ChapterChapter 5
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