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GEOL 352 – Fall 2014September 24, 2014Veronica Sosa-Gonzalez
China: Setting the context
Outline
• Geography and population
• Health and education
• Political history• Relation to environment
• Climate and Environment
• Environmental issues of today
http://arts1091.unsw.wikispaces.net/file/view/chinamap.gif/156354969/450x428/chinamap.gif
Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment
http://www.infoplease.com/atlas/asia.html
• Area: 9,327,490 km2
• Second largest country in the world
• Population: 1,357,380,000(2013)• Rural population: 637,284,480
(2013)
• $6,807 GDP per capita
Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment
Brazil Russia India China0
200,000,000
400,000,000
600,000,000
800,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,200,000,000
1,400,000,000
1,600,000,000
Population Rural population
Russ
ia
Chin
a
USA
Cana
da
Braz
il
Aust
ralia
Indi
a
Arge
ntina
Kaza
khst
an
Alge
ria
02,000,0004,000,0006,000,0008,000,000
10,000,00012,000,00014,000,00016,000,00018,000,000
10 biggest countries
Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment
http://media.web.britannica.com/eb-media/37/105237-004-D8FC8BD8.gif
Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment
http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/lgcolor/cncolor.htm
Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment
http://www.china-food-security.org/data/maps/rivers/riv1_m.htm
http://www.japanfocus.org/-brahma-chellaney/2916
Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment
• Life expectancy: 75
• Fertility: 1.7 births per woman• Adolescent fertility rate:
9/100,000 women (15-19 years)
• Tuberculosis: 73/100,000 people (0.073%)
• Mortality (<5 years): 13/10,000 live births
• HIV: No Data
• Literacy percentage: 93% (2010)
• School enrollment –Tertiary: 27% (2012)
• Ratio of female to male tertiary enrollment: 113 (2012)
• Primary school completion rate: No Data
• Public spending on education: No Data
Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment
Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment
Brazil Russia India China58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
Life expectancy at birth
Life expectancy- totalLife expectancy- maleLife expectancy- female
Year
s
Brazil Russia India China Canada USA Niger Mali Somalia Chad
Fertility rate 1.8 1.6 2.5 1.7 1.6 1.9 7.6 6.9 6.7 6.4
Adolescent fertility rate (per 100,000 women)
71 26 33 9 14 31 205 176 110 152
2575
125175225
• 1911-1912: Xinhai Revolution puts and end to the Qing dynasty and establishes the Republic of China
• January 1, 1912: Establishment of the Republic of China• Period of great instability, ended by the Chinese Civil War in 1949
• October 1, 1949: Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong proclaims the Establishment of the People’s Republic of China• Great Leap Forward slogan: Man must conquer nature• Population growth• Starvation deaths (1958-1961)• Mao died in 1976
• Currently Xi Jinping is the President of the People’s Republic of China (since March 14, 2013)
Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment
The “three great cuttings” (or four?)
• The Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)• Backyard steel furnaces to produce enough steel to “catch up” with West
world. Melting of plows, pots and other metal to create useless steel• Roughly 600,000 furnaces were operating by October 1958 required coal,
almost all made by clearing forests and establishing charcoal burners in villages
• Grain as a Key Link (1966-1976)• Response to the famine following the Great Leap Forward• Dazhai model• Deforestation for agriculture• Grain production became the highest priority
• Opening for Development (early 1980s)• Dismantling of collectivized agriculture and creation of household
responsibility system. Peasant families where contracted to do the farming work, and they had control over their agricultural practices decision making – widespread illegal deforestation resulted
• Market-driven deforestation (1992-1998)?• State-owned forest companies gain considerable freedom from the Ministry
of Forestry• Forest companies were able to respond to market needs and thus improve
market efficiency (chainsaws and heavy machinery can now wipe out forests for timber products faster)
Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment
http://www.chinatouristmaps.com/china-maps/climate/china-average-temperature.html
Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment
http://www.chinamaps.org/china/china-map-of-precipitation-annual.html
Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment
http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/lgcolor/cncolor.htm
Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment
http://kids.britannicaa.com/comptons/art-137856/Climatic-regions-of-China
Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment
China ranks 118/178 countriesOverall score 43/100
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN CHINA
• Air pollution
• Water pollution
• Desertification
• Dam constructions
• Massive production of goods
• e-waste dump
Hydropower in China
• World leader in dam amount and hydropower energy• Produces over 15% of the world’s hydropower
• 22,000 dams more than 15m tall built since the 1950s
• Three gorges dam (2008) • stretches 1.5 miles across the Yangtze river• Produces 10x the hydropower of the Hoover Dam
The world’s 10 Most Polluted Places – Scientific American, 2007
LINFEN, CHINA
http://www.worstpolluted.org/projects_reports/display/36
TIANYING, CHINA
At the center of Chinese lead production, this town has lead
concentrations in its air and soil that are 8.5 to 10 times those of
the national health standards. The concentrations of lead dusting the local crops are 24 times too high.
In the heart of China's coal region in Shanxi Province, Linfen has dust and pollution that make it almost
impossible to breathe, and the water is polluted with arsenic.
GUIYU, CHINA: an e-waste dump
http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1870162_1822158,00.html
Olympics in Beijing - August 8-24, 2008
What I saw in the field...
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