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ByAykutI.Ölçer,PhD,MSc,BSc
NipponFounda>onProfessorialChairinMarineTechnologyandInnova>onHead,Mari>meEnergyManagement(MEM)specializa>onHead,MarineTechnologyandMEMResearchGroup(MarEner)Editor-in-ChiefofWMUJournalofMari>meAffairs(JOMA)andBookSeriesProgrammeCoordinator,PGDiplomainMari>meEnergyWorldMari>meUniversity(WMU)oftheIMOASpecializedAgencyoftheUnitedNa>onsMalmö,Sweden
GLOBALSOx,NOxandCO2CAPSCHALLENGESANDTRENDSINMARITIMEENERGYMANAGEMENT
ShippingAirEmissionsandItsImpacts
(Source:IMO2ndGHGStudy,2009)
Mo>va>onandDrivers(Why?)
• EnvironmentalimpactofAirPollutantsandGHGs(climatechange,externali>es,….)
• Morestringentenvironmentalregula>ons(ParisAgreement?,MARPOLAnnexVIChapter3(SOx,NOx,..)&Chapter4(GHG))
• Vola>lefueloilprice
• Worldpopula>on,energydemandandprices
• EnergyresourcesscarcityandEnergysecurity
• UN2030Agenda(SDGs7,12&13inpar>cular)Source:Introduc>onChapter,TrendsandChallengesinMari>meEnergyManagement,Ölçer,A.I.,Kitada,M.,Dalaklis,D.,Ballini,F.(Eds.),ISBN978-3-319-74576-3,Springer
KeyPillarsofMari>meEnergyManagement
• Regulatoryframework
• Energyefficiency
• Renewable/cleanerenergy
• Technologyandinnova>on
• Humanfactors
• EconomicsofenergymanagementSource:AppendixI:Mari>meEnergyManagementResearchStrategy,TrendsandChallengesinMari>meEnergyManagement,Ölçer,A.I.,Kitada,M.,Dalaklis,D.,Ballini,F.(Eds.),ISBN978-3-319-74576-3,Springer
Regula>on13–NOxEmissionLimitsN
Ox
emis
sion
lim
it (g
/kW
h)
Rated engine speed (rpm)
80% reduction
20% reduction
Tier I - Constructed on or after 1 Jan. 2000
Tier II - Constructed on or after 1 Jan. 2011
Tier III* - Constructed on or after 1 Jan. 2016 - Applied in ECAs - Tier II applied outside of ECAs
*Forashipopera,ngwithinNorthAmericanECAandUSCaribbeanSeaAreaECA
(Source:WMUMari>meEnergyManagementSpecializa>onEGY102LectureNotes)
NOxRegula>onsØ Tier I emission limits apply to all marine diesel engines with a power output
of more than 130 kW installed on ships constructed on or after 1 January 2000 and prior to 1 January 2011.
Ø Emission limits equivalent to Tier I may apply to marine diesel engines with a power output of more than 5,000 kW and a per cylinder displacement at or above 90 litres installed on a ship constructed on or after 1 January 1990 but prior to 1 January 2000 according to regulation VI/13.7.
Ø Tier II emission limits apply to all marine diesel engines with a power output of more than 130 kW installed on ships constructed on or after 1 January 2011.
Ø Tier III emission limits apply to all marine diesel engines with a power output of more than 130 kW installed on ships, operating in a NOx emission control area, constructed on or after the date of adoption of the NECA (or a later date as may be specified in the amendment to the Convention designating the NECA, whichever is later).
(Source:WMUMari>meEnergyManagementSpecializa>onEGY102LectureNotes)
TierIIIEmissionControlAreas(ECAs)forNOXEmissionControl
U.S.CaribbeanECA
NorthAmericanECAReg. 13.5.1:
Tier III controls apply only to the specified sh ips wh i l e ope ra t i ng i n ECAs established to limit NOx emissions, outside such areas the Tier II controls apply.
• North America ECA + US Caribbean ECA for ships constructed on or after 1 January 2016
• Baltic Sea and North Sea ECAs for ships constructed on or after 1 January 2021.
(Source:WMUMari>meEnergyManagementSpecializa>onEGY102LectureNotes)
NorthSeaandBal>cSeaNECAs• MEPC70approvedNorthSeaandBal>cSea
asanECA-NOx
• ThiswillrequiremarinedieselenginestocomplywithTierIIINOxemissionlimitwheninstalledonshipsconstructedonoraner1January2021andopera>nginNorthSeaandBal>cSea
• MEPC70agreedtotheneedforexemp>onprovisionstoallowshipsfipedwithdualfuelenginesorwithonlyTierIIenginestobebuilt,converted,repairedand/ormaintainedatshipyardslocatedinNOxTierIIIECAs
(Source:WMUMari>meEnergyManagementSpecializa>onEGY102LectureNotes)
Regula>on14-SulphurOxides(SOx)andPar>culateMaper
From 19 May’05, Sulphur Oxide (SOx) emission from ships is controlled by setting a limit of 4.5% on sulphur content of Marine Fuels. From 1 January 2012, the global sulphur limit of marine fuels reduced to 3.5%. From 1 January 2020, the global sulphur limit of marine fuels reduced to 0.5%. A number of agreed ECA-SOx has been set up. The sulphur limits in ECA-SOx are more stringent and currently at 0.1% sulphur.
(Source:WMUMari>meEnergyManagementSpecializa>onEGY102LectureNotes)
Regula>on14-FuelSulphurLimits
(Source:WMUMari>meEnergyManagementSpecializa>onEGY102LectureNotes)
IMOResponseandEnhancingEE(ReducingCO2)
• TechnicalMeasures(Beperdesignofshipsandequipment)
• Opera>onalMeasures(Beperopera>onofships)
• MBM(Discussionssuspended)
IMOResponse
Technical(EEDI)
Opera>onal(SEEMP)
EEOI
DCS
Designer/Shipyard
Shipowner/operatorShippingCompany
DecisionMakingandTrade-Off
• Cost/Benefit
• Cost(forwhom?)(CAPEX,OPEX,Externality?)
• Benefit(forwhom?)
• Perspec>veanddecisionmaker
• Individualsolu>onsandrightcombina>on?
(Source:IMO/MEPC-67-INF-9-TARGETS)
FutureShipPropulsion
• FromHumantoDieselEngines
• Fuelcells,baperies
• Nuclear(Thorium?)
• Alterna>vefuelsandRenewable(Solar,Wind,LNG,biofuel,Methanol,..)
• Hybrid(rightmix?) (Ref:Shippinginnova>onbyNikoWijnolst,TorWergeland,Figure407,page378)
S-Curve
AnewS-
Curve?
Barriers
• Individual
• Organisa>onal
• Technological
• Economical
• ….....
Effec,veIm
plem
enta,o
n
BaselineEElevel
Actual
Implem
enta,o
n
GapduetoBarriers
J
L
(Source:WMUMari>meEnergyManagementSpecializa>onEGY102LectureNotes)
OtherChallenges
• Mari>meDigitalisa>on(bigdata)
• Autonomousvs.ZeroEmissionShipping
• Systemblindness
• ..
TheLatestSpringerBook
WMUStudiesinMari>meAffairs(Vol.6)
ThankYou
AykutI.Ölçeraio@wmu.se
WorldMari>meUniversity(WMU)ASpecializedAgencyoftheUnitedNa>onsMalmö,Sweden
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