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7/21/2019 History and Debates S15
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GLOBALIZATION
History & Debates
Next Class: Travels of a T-Shirt
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Globaliatio!De"!itio!s
Dicken (geographer): Globalization is the umbrella term for the complex set oftransformative processes and outcomes that dialectically, and relationally, interactwith places and people
!riedman (columnist): Globalization is the inexorable integration of markets, nation"states, and technologies to a degree never witnessed before #t is an internationalsystem
$obertson (sociologist): Globalization is a process by which we come to experience, orbecome aware of, the world as a single place
%c&amee (venture capitalist): Globalization is the environment in which we live 'eve
got one world Get used to it %ake the most of it
teger (political scientist): Globalization refers to a multidimensional set of socialprocesses that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide socialinterdependencies and exchanges*
tiglitz (economist): Globalization is the removal of barriers to free trade and the closerintegration of national economies
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Co#$ari!% Ter#s
Internationalization: one nation in relation to othernations
Globalization: a global process across many nations
Transnationalization: simultaneity and instantaneityresulting from blurring and crossing nationalboundaries, eg immigrant communities such as
+hinatown
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History
Globalization is a process " or perhaps a proect "rather than a static model !orces that have
hastened the integration of people acrosscultures and societies include:
-rade (.uropean .xpansion, the ilk $oad)
$eligion (+hristianity, /uddhism, #slam)
.xplorers (%arco 0olo spread knowledge aboutdifferent lands around the globe)
.mpires (1ings and governments dominateddistant territories through political control)
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The Sil 'oa(
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Colo!ialis#
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History
-oday2s globalization is a direct descendant ofcolonization and imperialism that began with thegeographic expansion of .uropeans in the 34thcentury
%ercantilism become the dominant economic logic forcolonization in the 35thand 36thcenturies
7 nations prosperity depends on the amount of capital itaccumulates -hus, national policies should encourage trademonopolies, discourage imports, and ustify ac8uisition of
colonies
#mperialism, the need to dominate and control forpower and prestige, replaced mercantilism as theprevailing ideology during the 39thand ;thcenturies
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Colo!ial Le%a)y
-he maority of todays nation"states were once colonies #tremains a 8uestion to what extent the less developedstatus of some of these nations is the effect of colonization
0ositive effects: physical assets (roads, dams etc),lasting legal and administrative institutions
&egative effects: traumatic psychological impact,continuing territorial disputes, weak local leadership,lagging"behind education and economic development,and so on
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The Great DebateA *lat +orl( vs, The Clash of Civiliatio!s
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The Start of a 'evoltio!
I am convinced that the genesis of this newat-world [gloali!ation" will e rememered in
time as one of the most im#ortant t$rning#oints in the histor% of man&ind ' one no lesssigni(cant than the invention of the #rinting#ress or electricit%) *omeone had to e alivewhen it ha##ened ' and it ha##ens to e %o$
and me)
Friedman, T. 2005. The World is Flat, New York: Farrar Straus,and Giroux. p.2
+,
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++
The Shrinking Globe
1500 -1840 1850 - 1930 1950s 1960s
Best average speed ofhorse-dran !oa!hes
and sailing ships" 10
#ph$
Stea# lo!o#otives
average 65 #ph$Stea#ships average
36 #ph$
%ropeller
air!raft
300 - 400
#ph$
&et
passenger
air!raft"
500 - '00
#ph$
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*rie(#a!.s
*latte!ers/ .erlin /all
0etsca#e
/or&ow *oftware
1#loading
$tso$rcing
-shoring
*$##l% hains
Inso$rcing
Informing
he *teroids /ii
I
ile *haring
+2
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Globaliatio! 0,1
Glo!ali"ation #.0: #$2%#&00
ilitar% force drove gloal integration
Glo!ali"ation 2.0: #&00%2000
:interr$#ted % the ;reat
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0 Billio! Ne2 Ca$italists
;loali!ation +), and 2), driven #rimaril% % ?$ro#eans
and 0orth @mericans) ;loali!ation 3), driven % non-
/esternersA
0 billio! !e2 )a$italists
/illing to wor& for m$ch lower wages
Increased n$mers of college grad$ates
echnolog% allows new connections to gloal
mar&et#lace
0 billio! !e2 )o!s#ers
;rowing im#ortance of international $siness>es#eciall% in emerging mar&ets
0ew so$rce of talent> innovation and low-cost so$rcing+4
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3obs at 'is of Bei!% 4Tra(e(/
@t ris& +4)3 million in man$fact$ring 3)2 million in information services
+6)7 #rofessional and $siness services *ome of the +,)6 million in (nancial services> wholesale trade>
trans#ortation and $tilities
0ot at ris& 7)6 million in constr$ction and mining
22 million in local> state> and federal government aBorit% of +5)6 million in retail trade aBorit% of +7)3 million in ed$cation and health :eCce#t someBos s$ch as la testing=
+2)3 million in leis$re and hos#italit%
+5
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A Clash of Civiliatio!s
The +orl( is Not *lat
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raditional so$rces of state conict receding
erritor%>
?conomic ene(ts
Ideolog%
olitics of identit(re#lacing #olitics of interest
ain com#eting gro$#s no longer states>classes or ideologies $t civili!ations
*evere limits to interde#endence
+7
Sa#el H!ti!%to!5s Ar%#e!t
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Dargest entit% with which #erson can identif%short of h$manit%
val$es>lang$age> andEor religion
aBor civili!ations
hinese> Fa#anese> Gind$> /estern> *lavic-
rthodoC> Islam Datin @merica and @frica candidatesH for
civili!ation
+8
+hat is a Civiliatio!6
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0o longer de(ned % /estern in$ence onother civili!ations
/est declining economic slowdown> #o#$lation decline> internal
deca%> loss of identit%
*inic and Islamic civili!ations ascending
?conomic s$ccess of @sia
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ivili!ation identities not o$r onl% identities
0ation states will not disa##ear
ivili!ations not coherent or conict-free .$t dierences among civili!ations real
ivili!ation-conscio$sness growing
ivili!ation conict will e dominant gloal form of
conict
aBor aCis of relations etween /est and estH
0o $niversal civili!ation #ossile
2,
S##ary of Ar%#e!t
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h$man rights> immigration> others
2+
+hy Civiliatio!s +ill Clash
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1nclear how to disting$ish civili!ations
verstates /estJs decline
?Caggerates IslamJs militanc% aBor conicts within civili!ations
?conomic coo#eration across civili!ations
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ne Garmonio$s /orld
ri$m#h of lieral democrac%> end of maBor#ower warfare> interde#endence and #eace
wo /orldsA 1s and hem
0orth-*o$thK ?ast-/estK ich-oor
+84 *tates ' he ealist iew
*tate s%stem dominates gloal relations
*heer haos
La#lanJs oming @narch%
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Other 8ost-Col( +ar 9ie2s
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The Great DebateA *lat +orl( vs, The Clash of Civiliatio!s
riedmanJs thesis :and man% gloali!ationscenarios= de#ict an inevitale movement towardgloal integration f$eled % economic incentives
and new technologies)
G$ntingtonJs thesis de#icts alternative forces forlocali!ationthat will s#awn clashes etweencivili!ations along c$lt$ral fa$lt lines) hese forces
incl$deA $lt$re> omm$nit%> 0ationalism> *ec$rit%)
Gow will the forces of gloali!ation and locali!ationinteract in sha#ing the f$t$re of the worldM
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Se#i-Globaliatio!
ension etween gloali!ation and locali!ation
*emi-gloali!ation means that oth forces of
gloali!ation and locali!ation are ta&ing #laceat the same time
his tension is the f$ndamental so$rce of
$ncertaint% in the world> as we are neithercom#letel% gloali!ed nor com#letel% locali!ed
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Globaliatio! ;eyDebates
1. Meaning: 0rocess vs 0roect
2. Interpretation: &ew .ra vs +ontinuance
3. Evaluation: Good vs /ad
4. Explanation:
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