I NTELLIGENCE Unit 11. W HAT IS I NTELLIGENCE ? Intelligence ability to learn from experience,...

INTELLIGENCEUnit 11

WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?

Intelligence ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE? Factor Analysis

statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test

used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score

General Intelligence (g) factor that Spearman and others believed underlies

specific mental abilities measured by every task on an intelligence test

ARE THERE MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES?

Savant Syndrome condition in which a person otherwise limited in

mental ability has an exceptional specific skill

ARE THERE MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES?

Social Intelligence the know-how involved in

comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully

Emotional Intelligence ability to perceive, express,

understand, and regulate emotions

INTELLIGENCE AND CREATIVITY

Creativity the ability to produce novel and

valuable ideas expertise imaginative thinking skills venturesome personality intrinsic motivation creative environment

ORIGINS OF INTELLIGENCE TESTING

Intelligence Test a method of

assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores

ORIGINS OF INTELLIGENCE TESTING

Mental Age a measure of intelligence test performance

devised by Binet chronological age that most typically

corresponds to a given level of performance child who does as well as the average 8-year-

old is said to have a mental age of 8

ORIGINS OF INTELLIGENCE TESTING

Stanford-Binet the widely used American

revision of Binet’s original intelligence test revised by Terman at Stanford University

ORIGINS OF INTELLIGENCE TESTING

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) defined originally the ratio of

mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 IQ = ma/ca x 100)

on contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE

Aptitude Test a test designed to predict a

person’s future performance aptitude is the capacity to learn

Achievement Test a test designed to assess what a

person has learned

ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) most widely used intelligence

test subtests

verbal performance (nonverbal)

ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE: SAMPLE ITEMS FROM THE WAIS

From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977

VERBAL

General Information Similarities Arithmetic ReasoningVocabularyComprehensionDigit Span

PERFORMANCE

Picture Completion Picture ArrangementBlock DesignObject AssemblyDigit-Symbol Substitution

ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE

Standardization defining meaningful scores by comparison with the

performance of a pretested “standardization group” Normal Curve

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes

most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

THE NORMAL CURVE

ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE

Reliability the extent to which a test yields consistent results assessed by consistency of scores on:

two halves of the test alternate forms of the test retesting

Validity the extent to which a test measures or predicts

what it is supposed to

ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE

Content Validity the extent to which a test samples the behavior

that is of interest driving test that samples driving tasks

Criterion behavior (such as college grades) that a test

(such as the SAT) is designed to predict the measure used in defining whether the test

has predictive validity

ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE

Predictive Validity success with which a test predicts the behavior it

is designed to predict assessed by computing the correlation between

test scores and the criterion behavior also called criterion-related validity

THE DYNAMICS OF INTELLIGENCE

Mental Retardation a condition of limited mental ability indicated by an intelligence score below 70 produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life varies from mild to profound

Down Syndrome retardation and associated physical disorders caused

by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup

GENETIC INFLUENCES The most

genetically similar people have the most similar scores

GENETIC INFLUENCES

Heritability the proportion of variation

among individuals that we can attribute to genes

variability depends on range of populations and environments studied

GENETIC INFLUENCES