IB DP2 Chemistry Option D: Medicines and Drugs What compounds are living organisms built from?

IB DP2 ChemistryOption D:

Medicines and DrugsWhat compounds are living organisms built from?

Option D: Medicines and Drugs

D1 Pharmaceutical products (2 hours)D1.1 List the effects of medicines and drugs on the functioning of the bodyD1.2 Outline the stages involved in the research, development and testing of new pharmaceutical products.D.1.3 Describe the different methods of administering drugs.D.1.4 Discuss the terms therapeutic window, tolerance and side-effects.

D2 Antacids (1 hour)D.2.1 State and explain how excess acidity in the stomach can be reduced by the use of different bases.

D3 Analgesics (3 hours)D.3.1 Describe and explain the different ways that analgesics prevent pain.D.3.2 Describe the use of derivatives of salicylic acid as mild analgesics, and compare the advantages and disadvantages of using aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen).D.3.3 Compare the structures of morphine, codeine and diamorphine (heroin, a semi-synthetic opiate).D.3.4 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using morphine and its derivatives as strong analgesics.

D4 Depressants (3 hours)D.4.1 Describe the effects of depressants.

D.4.2 Discuss the social and physiological effects of the use and abuse of ethanol.D.4.3 Describe and explain the techniques used for the detection of ethanol in the breath, the blood and urine.D.4.4 Describe the synergistic effects of ethanol with other drugs.D.4.5 Identify other commonly used depressants and describe their structures.

D5 Stimulants (2.5 hours)D.5.1 List the physiological effects of stimulants.D5.2 Compare amphetamines and epinephrine (adrenaline).D.5.3 Discuss the short- and long-term effects of nicotine consumption.D.5.4 Describe the effects of caffeine and compare its structure with that of nicotine.

D6 Antibacterials (2 hours)D.6.1 Outline the historical development of penicillins.D.6.2 Explain how penicillins work and discuss the effects of modifying the side-chain.D.6.3 Discuss and explain the importance of patient compliance and the effect of penicillin overprescription.

D7 Antivirals (1.5 hours)D.7.1 State how viruses differ from bacteria.D.7.2 Describe the different ways in which antiviral drugs work.D.7.3 Discuss the difficulties associated with solving the AIDS problem.

D1 Pharmaceuticals

Therapeutic index therapeutic index = LD50

ED50

D2 Antacids

Digestion 2-4 litres stomach walls secrete

mucus, pepsinogen, HCl

3×10-2M>[H+] 3×10-3M indigestion from excess

acid causes of indigestion:

some drugs, some food, smoking, alcohol

Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion

Antacids are used to treat indigestion neutralize excess stomach acid, preventing

ulceration examples Al(OH)3, NaHCO3, CaCO3

Side effects of antacids magnesium compounds diarrhoea aluminium compounds constipation carbonates and hydrogencarbonates production

of CO2

antacids often combined with anti-foaming agents to prevent flatulence alginates to produce neutralizing layer on top of

stomach acid

D3 AnalgesicsCan drugs stop pain?

Analgesics relieve pain

at site of injury- eg aspirin prevents synthesis of enzyme prostaglandin synthase

in brain- eg morphine blocks receptor sites

Image: http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-mind/human-brain/pain.htm

Aspirin (2-acetoxybenzoic acid) is made from salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic)

aspirin hydrolysed to salicylic acid in the small intestine

Images: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin

Aspirin mild pain relief (eg for arthritis and rheumatism) reduces blood clotting side effect: may cause bleeding in the lining of

the stomach allergy

Images: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin

Oil of wintergreen methyl salicylate used for topical pain relief to prevent

inflammation

Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_salicylate

Paracetamol mild pain relief fewer side effects than aspirin relatively narrow therapeutic window

Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol

Opiates group of strong analgesics for severe pain naturally occuring in opium poppy (morphine and

codeine)

Heroin produced by diesterification of morphine

Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin

(Codeine is a monoesterification)

Heroin produced by diesterification of morphine

Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin

D4 Stimulants

Stimulants: psychoactive drugs giving temporary higher alertness, wakefulness, or locomotion.

‘uppers’ functional opposite of depressants

Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant

Amphetamines (alpha‑methylphenethylamine) in the class of phenylethylamines sympathomimetic related to hormone adrenaline (norepinephrine) - ‘fight or

flight’ cause reuptake inhibition and release of dopamine,

norepinephrine, and serotonin used by military to treat narcolepsy in 1940s used as antidepressants and slimming pills in 50s and 60s

phenylethylamine

Amphetmaine short term effects increase in heart rate increase in breathing rate heightened alertness dilation of pupils decrease in appetite

Amphetamine side effects fatigue depression weight loss psychological problems

Methanphetamines

Alkaloid nitrogen-containing compounds of plant origin heterocyclic rings tertiary amine group examples morphine, codeine, cocaine, caffeine

and nicotine

Nicotine

sympathomimetic stimulant short term effects: increased

heart rate and blood pressure, reduction in urine output

long term effects: increased risk of heart disease and coronary thrombosis, peptic ulcers, cancer

Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine

Caffeine stimulant diuretic respiratory stimulant increases concentration and alertness sleeplessness

Primary, secondary and tertiary amines

Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine

D5 Depressants

Depressants slow down the central nervous system lower mental activity calmness, reduced anxiety euphoria induce sleep loss of consciousness, coma and death in high doses synergistic effects examples: alcohol, opiates, barbituates,

benzodiazepines, cannaboids

D6 Antibacterials

D7 Antivirals

Links Biological molecules https://

www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/crash-course1/crash-course-biology/v/crash-course-biology-103

Zwitterion and gel electrophoresis https://www.khanacademy.org/science/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/isoelectric-point-and-zwitterions