View
3
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
1
Climate Change Signals and Impacts:
From region to sub region
Impacts of
Sand & Dust Storms
(On Agriculture)
Jaser Rabadi , Ph.D.,
Representative of WMO for
West Asia
Assessment of the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources and Socio-Economic Vulnerability in the Arab Region
Immediate Objectives of Initiative: (5) Identification and analysis of projected
extreme events in the Arab Region examples of severe weather conditions: flooding, drought, tropical storms, heat wave, cold spells, sand & dust storms, ..etc.
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July
2013 2
IPCC Projected: Increase frequency of Occurrence & intensity of Sever Weather Conditions
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
3
Noah’s ark .. And the floodgates of heavens
opened. And rain fell on the earth forty days and fort nights….
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
5
Joseph, the son of Jacob… 7 years of plenty followed by 7 years of famine
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
6
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
7
Climate & Climate Change:
Perpetual interaction of Earth’s System Components
Temperature Currents Chemistry ….
Surface characteristics; Biological Processes. .etc.
Thermal Regime; Hydrological Regime; Atmospheric chemistry;
1
2
3
4
AWA/WBI Training Workshop, October 2, 2011 Abu Dhabi
8
Looks familiar ??
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
8
Frequency… Regional examples Rising Dust (Days) distribution over Middle & southern Iraq (1971-2000) days/month
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 Decadal Mean number of days with S&D in Amman
0
10
20
30
40
50
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Years
Storms Kuwait (1962-2010)
Dust Storm ( Riyadh )
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Years
Nu
mb
er o
f D
ay
s
Riyadh
Bahrain
Amman
Iraq
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
9
Known Sources in the Region… another geopolitical issue !!!!
Tigris & Euphrates basin,
Sistan & Baluchistan Basin,
East of Alhejaz Mountains,
Southwest Alhajar Mountains,
Sahara Desert.
SDS Recipe …
Weather conditions
(Temp., wind, rain, evpn., solar..,)
+ Soil Biophysical Characteristics (type, texture, moisture, vegetation cover, etc...).
Land degradation
SDS
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
11
12 12
Identification Card
~100 μm or less 6000 μg/m3 Up 10 km high Life time: 4-7 days Intercontinental transport
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
12
AWA/WBI Training Workshop, October 2, 2011 Abu Dhabi
13
How much dust there is ?
10
0 k
m
Global Flux of dust: 3 Billion tons/yr
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
13
AWA/WBI Training Workshop, October 2, 2011 Abu Dhabi
14
Impacts: Human Health (Respiratory, asthma, infections,
meningitis in Africa, valley fever in the America’s);
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
14
AWA/WBI Training Workshop, October 2, 2011 Abu Dhabi
15
Road blocker
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
15
Transportation (air, ground, marine..)
In 542 BC, Cambyses II, son of Syros the Great, sent 50,000 strong soldiers to Siwa Oasis to destroy the oracle at the Temple of Amun after the priests there refused to legitimize his claim to Egypt…. They all vanished in a sand storm…..
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
16
More historical stories ????
Other Impacts
Industrial activities (out doors works, oil
production, Precision Manufacture Industry, etc..);
Weather and Climate Processes : Radiation
Agriculture
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
17
Impact of Sand & dust storms on Agriculture
1. Immediate Impact on ag. Systems: i. Plant & Crop’s yield;
ii. Operators, systems & infrastructure;
iii. Livestock (diseases, productivity,.. )
iv. Marine life (+ ve impact)
2. Wind erosion (removal of top soil)
AWA/WBI Training Workshop, October 2, 2011 Abu Dhabi
18 RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
18
Dust storms can be useful fertilizers
dedicated for SDS haters….
Amazon rain forest: receives from Sahara/Sahel dust 2.5 and 0.2 kg ha-1y-1 of K and P & 1-4 kg of phosphate ha-1 y-1;
Saharan dust is the most important parent material for clay-rich soils on Caribbean islands;
Dust from China is major component of alkali ice crystals which neutralize acid rain in Japan.
19 19 5 July 2012
10-13 October 2011, Tehran 20
ph
yto
pla
nkto
n
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
20
SDS Impact Plankton
Planktons: Who Care ???
Major source of food production "grass" of aquatic habitats….. Base in food chain;
Consume aquatic bacteria;
Generate 50% of world’s Oxygen, Sink of CO2; Oceans’ Invisible Forest;
Major Climate controllers (past-present).
Iron fertilization of the oceans (Return of Ice Age:16
tankers of Fe particles.. $b 20, John Martine 1991)
21 RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July
2013
1. Blasting of leaves
6CO2 + 12H2O
light
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H20
Carbon Water Sugar Oxygen Water
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
22
Timing Scenarios
23
1. Emerging plants
Total loss
2. Early growing season
Minor damage
3.Flowering 4.Maturity & harvesting
Loss of flowers Major damage RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July
2013 23
2. Impacts on irrigation systems: Regional examples
Yemen Morocco
Iraq
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
24
2. Wind erosion of Soil
Removal of topsoil
Loss of vital nutrients (Potassium & Phosphorous)
Decrease in crop productivity:
25 RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
25
Erosion V3
Measures to mitigate SDS ??
1. Reduce wind: wind breakers
2. Protect surface:
Distance from
windbreak 5H 10H 15H 20H 25H 30
H % reduction in wind speed
78% 66%
35% 14% 10%
4%
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
26
H
Wind breakers: the higher, the more efficient
Regional Examples-ACSAD
Egypt
Saudi Arabia, Ihsaa RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
27
Regional Examples Wind breakers
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
28
Sudan Morocco
Tunis
Saudi Arabia: wind breakers
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
29
Riyadh
Mecca
Regional examples
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
30
Sudan
Morocco
Regional examples: Local Material
31
Egypt
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
Indigenous Technology Jordan
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
32
Aden Tanks, Yemen
الصهاريج
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
33
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013 34
Thank you
Jaser Rabadi, Ph.D.
WMO Office for West Asia
UN House
PO Box 26814, Manama, Bahrain
Office: + 973 173 19 401
Fax: + 973 173 11 607
Cell: + 973 390 64 305
E-mail address: Jrabadi@wmo.int
www.wmo.int
References
IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, WMO, Geneva.
Olga Kalashnikova and Ralph Kahn (2007), Dust over ocean surfaces - Capabilities & limitations of
space-borne passive remote sensing.
R Stefanski and M V K Sivakumar (2009), Impacts of Sand and Dust Storms on Agriculture and Potential
Agricultural Applications of a SDSWS.
Moutaz Al-Dabbas et al (2011), The Mineralogical and Micro-Organisms Effects of Regional Dust Storms
over Middle East Region
Hadi GERIVANI et al (2010), The Sources of Dust Storms in Iran, A case Study based on geological I I
I nformation and Rain Fall Data.
Len Barrie and SlobodanNickovic (2010), The WMO Sand and Dust Storm Warning and Advisory Assessment System.
RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013
35
Recommended