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Incenting Green
Development
Lessons From North American Municipalities
Blaine Stand Green Roofs for Healthy Cities
Big Sur Award of Excellence 2009
Winner: Fred Ballerini
Member-based non-profit industry association established in 1999.
Mission To increase the awareness of the economic, social and environmental benefits of green roofs and green walls, and other forms of living architecture in North America through education, advocacy, professional development and celebrations of excellence.
Phoenix Convention Center Phoenix, AZ
Award of Excellence 2011 Winner: Ten Eyck Landscape Architects, Inc.
About Green Roofs for Healthy Cities (GRHC)
• Events • Forums • Webinars • Specialized Training • Networking
• Brand Positioning • Valuation Tools • Publications • Reports
Activities
• Building Resilience and Equity Across Cascadia
• Policy, Design & Case Studies, and Research presentation tracks
• Trade show • Training courses & GRP
accreditation exam • Awards of Excellence ceremony • Green roof and wall tours • Continuing Education Credits
Ballard Library, Seattle, WA Green Roof Award of Excellence 2006 Winner: American Hydrotech, Inc
CitiesAlive: Annual Green Roof and Wall Conference
Citiesalive.org
• Spring 2018 – Toronto, Ontario
• Green Infrastructure Policy, Economics, Performance, Case Studies, Products, and Best Practices in the Great Lakes Region
• Networking, expert speakers, training, tours, trade show
Grey to Green: Making Better Infrastructure Decisions
• Green Roof Professional 3-day equivalent Design/Installation Waterproofing/Drainage Plants/Growing Media
• Net Zero Water for Buildings and Sites 2-day equivalent Push the boundaries of sustainable water use
• Online, self-paced training greenroofs.org/education
Online Training
Impervious area diagram Credit: US EPA, 2003
• Larger built environment leads to more impervious surfaces • Impervious surface disrupts natural water cycles
Impervious Area
• A major challenge for North American municipalities is managing stormwater runoff and Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) events.
Green roof runoff performance Credit: University of Nebraska, 2013
Vegetated surfaces act as a stormwater BMP
• Reduce overall runoff • Attenuate peak runoff • Delay runoff onset • Delay peak runoff • Extend duration of runoff • Reduce flow rates into
combined sewer systems
What do Green Roofs and Walls Do?
Green Roof hydrograph Credit: Hydrotech, 2012
Water detention rates can range from • 27-81% on extensive green roofs • 65-85 percent on intensive green roofs
Improve water quality by filtering before joining local water bodies.
What do Green Roofs and Walls Do?
Urban Heat Island Reduction Particulate Filtering Air Quality Improvements Acoustic Baffling Exterior Damage Reduction
• Heat Stress • Ballistic Impact • UV Degradation • Water Damage
What do Green Roofs and Walls Do?
Miami Parking Structure with creeper vines.
Green Infrastructure Policy Options
6 primary market-based policy tools for managing stormwater through green infrastructure adoption.
1. Stormwater user fees and fee discounts
2. Stormwater credit trading
3. Grants, rebates, and installation financing
4. Development charges
5. Development incentives
6. Habitat compensation banks
Top 10 green roof installation cities in North America Credit: Green Roofs for Healthy Cities, 2016
Municipalities are turning to mandating green infrastructure as a stormwater management strategy and are in turn seeing the expansion of the green roof and wall market.
What Does Policy Do?
Green Walls – What is a Green Ratio?
Environmental zoning measure • Environmental elements weighted for benefit • Points assigned based on contribution to environmental factors
• Also based on total area of site Allows a more holistic approach to goal setting. Considers every façade of a structure. Prioritizes green walls for policy achievement. (Landscape element number/size)(multiplier) / (Lot area) = GAR Score
Seattle Green Factor Map Credit: City of Seattle Department of Planning and Development
Introduced 2007
Established minimum green factor scores for property and regions.
Allows flexibility in achieving minimum requirements.
Green Walls – Seattle Green Factor
Seattle Green Factor Values Credit: The Berger Partnership
Landscaping elements are scored based on there benefit to surface area ratio.
Green walls score very highly because the provide a high surface area in a small footprint.
Green Walls – Seattle Green Factor
Introduced September 2016 All new buildings have a GAR requirement.
• Most additions and interior renovations
Overlap with the stormwater regulations
Green Walls – DC Green Area Ratio
Green Roofs – Incentives – New York City
Population - 8,550,405 Density - 28,052.5/sq mile Extremely high impervious area, low vegetation
NYC CSO Outflows Credit: NY DEP, 2009
• Aging combined sewer systems outflows more than 27 billion gallons annually
• 460 outfalls across the city
• NYC DEP has prioritized rainfall capture
Green Roofs – Incentives – New York City
TriBeCa Loft Rooftop Credit: New York Green Roofs, 2015
One year tax abatement passed in 2008, extended in 2013
• $4.50 per square foot up to $100,000 or the building’s tax liability
• 50% of eligible roof space greened
• Construction and maintenance requirements
• Must include maintenance plant for compliance period plus 3 years
Green Roofs – Incentives – New York City
New York Green Infrastructure Targeted Regions Credit: NYC DEP, 2014
NYC Green Infrastructure Program
• Established 2010 • Design, install, and
maintain green stormwater BMPs
Minimum $35,000 grant • Twenty year transferrable
restrictive covenant • Manage 1 inch
stormwater runoff High risk areas prioritized
Green Roofs – Incentives – New York City
LeFrak Lakeside Center, Prospect Park Credit: Roofmeadow, 2015
Since 2014, DEP committed more than
• $13 million towards 33 grant projects
• 250 management and maintenance jobs.
Increased CSO capture rate
• 30% in 1980s • 80% in 2015
Green Roofs – Incentives – New York City
Toronto Population Density Credit: City of Toronto, 2011
Largest urban center in Canada From 2009 to 2013, development applications proposed the creation of more than 162,000 residential units 47.4 million square feet of non-residential space, on top of the existing infrastructure. Commitment to reduce 80% of emission by 2050
Green Roofs – Mandate - Toronto
As of 2009, Toronto adopted a bylaw to require and govern the construction of green roofs on all new developments.
• Minimum gross floor area of 21,528 square feet
• Between 20-60 percent of available roof space be covered by a vegetative layer, dependant on the size of the building.
Variances may be purchased at $18.64 per square foot.
Green Roofs – Mandate - Toronto
Toronto CSO Area Credit: City of Toronto, 2015
Construction Standard • First municipal green roof
standard
• Minimum requirements for construction and maintenance while also meeting the Ontario Building Code
Green Roofs – Mandate - Toronto
Eco Roof Incentive • Green or Cool roofs • Designed to promote
voluntary adoption • Increased to $7 per
square foot • Maximum of $100,000 • Expanded to include
residential properties in 2013
Green Roofs – Mandate - Toronto
Credit: City of Toronto, 2015
From 2010 - 2015 • 2.6 million square
feet across 444 projects permitted
• 137 projects funded through the incentive
• 634,000 gallons of stormwater diverted
• 121 tons of greenhouse gas sequestered
• 1,030 megawatt hours energy consumption reduced
Green Roofs – Mandate - Toronto
Credit: DOEE, 2010
43% of the DC’s land area is impervious A single 1.2 inch storm produces approximately 525 million gallons of stormwater runoff into the combined sewer system. 2 billion gallons of combined sewage and stormwater runoff flowed into the 176 square mile watershed.
Green Roofs – Holistic – Washington, D.C.
Credit: DC Water, 2010
Stormwater Utility Fee • Cover treatment costs and
provide a dedicated fundingsource to pay for pollutioncontrol efforts.
• Equivalent Residential Unit(ERU)
• Average amount ofimpervious surface on aresidential property.
• A fee of $2.67 is chargedper property ERU
Green Roofs - Holistic – Washington, D.C.
District residents can earn utility fee discounts up to 55% through green infrastructure implementation. If a property can retain the full volume of impervious runoff from a 1.2 inch storm Excess retention is counted as Stormwater Retention Credits
• 1 credit = 1 gallon of retention for 1 year
Credits can be bought, sold or traded at market rate
Green Roofs - Holistic – Washington, D.C.
US Tax Court Credit: Barrett Company
Green roof rebate program • $10 per square foot and
$15 per square foot in targeted areas
• No cap on project size or construction type.
• For buildings with a footprint of 2,500 square feet or less, funds are available for cost of a structural assessment.
Green Roofs - Holistic – Washington, D.C.
Conclusion
Cities and impervious areas are growing, outpacing infrastructure Water not as a problem to be solved, but rather as a fact of life and a potential resource to support green infrastructure and benefit local ecosystems. Strategies that enhance local environments, protect existing resources, and improve the quality of life for residents within the city are becoming increasingly popular. Green infrastructure presents a lasting solution with myriad co-benefits for cities, and often more inexpensively than large grey infrastructure projects. Policy comes in many shapes and sizes
Thank You
• Questions, Comments?
• Contact: bstand@greenroofs.org
More resources: • greenroofs.org • citiesalive.org • livingarchitecturemonitor.com
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