Introduction to Draft Rajasthan Urban Development Policy Urban... · 2016-01-19 · Rajasthan Urban...

Introduction to Draft Rajasthan Urban Development Policy

As part of its efforts to address challenges emanating from rapid urbanization and develop a vision for future development in Rajasthan, the Government of Rajasthan has prepared an Urban Development Policy. We invite interested stakeholders to provide valuable suggestions on the draft Policy.

The policy covers following sectors: Urban Transport, Urban Water Supply, Waste Water management, Storm Water Drainage, Solid Waste Management, Affordable Housing, Slum Redevelopment, Urban Governance, Urban Planning, Inclusion and Urban Poverty, Economic Development and Investments, Eco Friendly Cities, ICT & Smart Cities, Environment Sustainability and Disaster Resilience. Each of the policy objectives is further detailed with key interventions and action points.

The comments may be sent in English or Hindi to the following addresses either in hard copy or email.

Attn: Project Director Rajasthan Urban Infrastructure Development Project AVS Building, Jawahar Circle, JLN Marg, Jaipur – 17 Email: mail.ruidp@rajasthan.gov.in, mailruidp@gmail.com Subject: Comments on the discussion draft of Rajasthan Urban Development Policy

Rajasthan Urban

Development Policy

- Draft October 2015

Rajasthan Urban Development Policy - Draft

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Table of Content

PART 1 : Introduction ...................................................................................................... 2 1. Background ....................................................................................................................................... 2

1.1 Urbanising India ........................................................................................................................ 2

1.2 Urbanisation in Rajasthan ......................................................................................................... 3

1.3 Need for an Urban Development Policy ................................................................................... 5

2. The Policy Framework ....................................................................................................................... 9

2.1 Vision Statement ....................................................................................................................... 9

2.2 Guiding Principles...................................................................................................................... 9

2.3 Framework .............................................................................................................................. 10

PART 2 Infrastructure and Services ............................................................................. 11 3. Urban Transport .............................................................................................................................. 11

4. Urban Water Supply ........................................................................................................................ 15

5. Municipal Wastewater Management ............................................................................................. 20

6. Storm Water Management ............................................................................................................. 24

7. Solid Waste Management ............................................................................................................... 27

8. Affordable Housing ......................................................................................................................... 31

9. Slums Redevelopment .................................................................................................................... 34

PART 3 Competitiveness ................................................................................................ 37 10. Heritage and Tourism.................................................................................................................. 37

11. Economic Development and Investments in the cities ............................................................... 40

PART 4 Enablers ........................................................................................................... 43 12. Urban Governance and Institutions ............................................................................................ 43

13. Urban Planning ............................................................................................................................ 48

14. Inclusive development and Urban Poverty ................................................................................. 52

15. Disaster Resilience ...................................................................................................................... 57

16. Eco-Friendly Cities and Urban Environment Sustainability ........................................................ 60

17. Information Communication Technology and Smart Cities ........................................................ 64

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PART 1 : Introduction

1. Background

1.1 Urbanising India

Urban India is growing, faster and bigger.

After decades of rapid economic growth, urbanisation

in India is finally beginning to catch up with that of the

rest of the world. Compared to other major developing

countries such as Brazil, Mexico or even China, India

is still relatively ‘less’ urbanized (87%, 78% and 45% of

the population in Brazil, Mexico and China,

respectively, is urban). However, evidence suggests

that India is on the brink of rapid urbanisation and will

be playing catch-up or even overtaking urban growth in

other countries. This urbanisation is explicit in the

growth of population of existing cities (mostly “Class 1”

Cities1) and increase in the number of towns (new

“Census Towns” 2 added3).

As per the Census of India 2011, the total urban

population of India is more than 377 million (Growth

rate of 2.76% per annum during 2001-2011). The level

of urbanisation in the country as a whole increased

from 27.7% in 2001 to 31.17% in 2011, with an

increase of 3.3% points during 2001-2011 compared

to an increase of 2.1% points during 1991-2001. It was

observed that for the first time the absolute growth in

urban population has been more than the absolute growth in the rural population. India’s urban population

will grow to 600 million by 20314, which is more than double than in 2001. Further, India will continue to

benefit from the demographic dividend as a large chunk of India’s population will continue to fall within the

working-age group of 16-65 years.

1 Class 1: Statutory towns with population greater than 0.1 Million.

Other Towns: All statutory towns with population less than 0.1 million.

Large Villages: Statutory villages with population greater than 5000.

Other Villages: All statutory towns with population less than 5000.

Urban India 2011, Indian Institute of Urban settlements. 2 Census Towns: A town is one which is not statutorily notified and administered as a town, but nevertheless whose

population has attained urban characteristics. They are characterized by the following: Population exceeds 5,000 ,

At least 75% of male working population is employed outside of the agricultural sector , Minimum population

density of 400 persons per km2 3 Census 2011, Census Towns number is 3,894 and Census 2001, Census Towns number is 1,362. 4 High Powered Empowered Committee(HPEC) on urbanization report, Planning Commission

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Distribution of Total Population

Class 1 Other Towns

Large Villages Other Villages

Figure 1: Change in proportion of population in various categories of settlements

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Increasing economic contribution of cities

India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world

and registered a GDP growth rate of 7.7% during 2001-

2011. Rapid growth accompanied with the expansion in

the number and size of India cities entails that the

economic structure will also transform significantly. The

share of agriculture in the GDP has declined from 34 per

cent in 1983-84 to about 15 per cent in 2009-10. However,

the urban share of the GDP has been rising consistently,

ensuring that the urban sector will become the driving

force behind future national economic growth. The urban

share of the gross domestic product is projected to be as

high as 69% by 20305.

1.2 Urbanisation in Rajasthan

As per Census 2011, Rajasthan’s total population is 68.54 million, while its urban population is 17.04 million

that is 24.8 % of the total population. The state of Rajasthan falls in the lower range of urbanisation among

the states in India and also the national average.

Within Rajasthan state, there is little variation across districts. Out of the 33 districts in the state, only the

five major districts of Kota, Jaipur, Ajrmer, Jhodpur and Bikaner have a level of urbanisation which is higher

than the national average. All the other 28 districts have below national average level of urbanisation.

5 Source: India Urbanisation Econometric Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

54 46 4331

46 54 5869

1990 2001 2008 2030

Figure 2: Rural/Urban share of India’s GDP

Figure 3:Census 2011, % Urbanization

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Total urban centers in Rajasthan is 297 ( Statutory towns, 185 and

Census towns, 112).In the last decade from 2001 to 2011, there

has been an increase of just 1 statutory town in Rajasthan (from

184 in 2001 to 185 in 2011) with a comparative addition of 74

Census towns. Evidently, the number of smaller urban centres or

urbanizing villages in Rajasthan which satisfy the basic criteria of

urban is on a constant rise. There has been no increase of census

towns in western districts of Hanumangarh, Churu and Jaisalmer.It

clearly shows that spatially, the growth of urban areas is skewed

towards the eastern Rajasthan6.Overall, only about 25% of the

state is urbanized and in absolute values, it is predominantly rural

as it has a larger rural population than urban.

However, the more important trend to observe is that the urban

population has been growing at a relatively faster rate and has

experienced a CGAR of 3.19%, which is also higher than the

national average. Further, due to various developments and

initiatives in the state, a more rapid rate of urbanisation is

expected to set in the near future. These developments include

the thriving tourism industry, Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor

project, Dedicated Freight Corridor initiative, setting-up of a

refinery at Barmer, and the Metro & BRTS initiatives at Jaipur.

These large scale developments will induce rapid change in the

urbanisation process, boost the urban economy and lead to

overall economic growth.

Urbanisation is not a simple demographic change but it involves

a profound social, economic, environmental and cultural transformation. Evidence from international

experience suggests that it is not just the movement of people from rural to urban areas but how well

urbanisation is managed which ensures that fast growth rates are achieved7. In order to maximize the

benefits from rapid urbanisation, fast economic growth and increasing per capita income and demographic

dividend, the state needs to capture the moment to make urbanisation an opportunity for growth and

development rather than a missed opportunity which will prove to be a challenge of the future.

6 Volume I, State Commission on Urbanisation Report 7 Cities and the Wealth of Nations (1984)

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Figure 5: Increasing level of Urbanisation in Rajasthan

Figure 4: Increase in Census towns

2001 2011

Statutory Towns Census Towns

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1.3 Need for an Urban Development Policy

According to UN Habbitat, Urban Development policy is vital to provide a direction and course of action to

support development. The policy provides a overarching framework to deal with the important and critical

issues of urban services such as water, sanitation, mobility, housing and etc. Approved at the highest levels

of government the policy gives set of guidelines for public and private interventions and also a reference

document for sectoral ministries and service providers. It is also a key reference for legislative institutional

reforms and judicial interpretations. It will also give a chance for involvement of multiple stakeholders

involving citizens, NGOs, private sector players in urban development discourse.

Urban Development Policy for Rajasthan

The policy will be a key input to prepare for the expected economic growth and ensuing urban

development in future. This economic growth of the state will be driven by industrial development

of DMIC and tourism industry in the state.

Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC)8 is India's most ambitious infrastructure project which aims at

developing new industrial cities. It aims to expand India's manufacturing and services base and develop

DMIC as a "Global Manufacturing and Trading Hub". In Rajasthan, the alignment of DMIC will cover 22

districts. The total area covered in Rajasthan by DMIC is 20,137 sq km, which is 58% of the state’s total

area and 39% of the DMIC length.

Tourism Sector: Rajasthan has a thriving tourism industry which acts as a major economic driver

contributing to development of the State. In 2012, a total of 28.61 million tourists visited Rajasthan showing

a growth of 5.52%9. Almost every fifth international tourist visits Rajasthan. Tourism development in the

state has not only given rise to urban economy but has attracted rural populace to undertake economic

activities and has played a crucial role in rural – urban continuum.

The Policy will steer the increasing investments and resources allocated by the Central and State

government towards urban development through the centrally sponsored schemes10, and ensure

that investments have maximum intended impact.

Smart Cities: Four cities viz. Jaipur, Udaipur, Ajmer and Kota have been included in the initial shortlist of

smart cities. The initiative aims to provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens,

a clean and sustainable environment and application of technology driven ‘Smart’ Solutions. The initiative

will be driven by the cities themselves with funding support from central and state government subjected to

development plan and reforms.

8 http://www.dmicdc.com/ 9 Interim Report of State Commission on Urbanisation. 10 http://moud.gov.in/

Development

Policy

Identification of urban development priorities.

Guidance on future development.

Better Coordination among National, State and

Local governments.

Figure 6: Need of urban development policy

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Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT): Cities with population greater than

one lakh will be part of this mission. 30 cities from Rajasthan are eligible for funding. The purpose is to

ensure basic infrastructure and service delivery (Water, sanitation, urban transport, social infrastructure

and etc.) in every household in urban areas and achievement of Ministry of Urban Development set

benchmarks. The funding will be subjected to approval of State empowered committees.

Housing for All: The scheme aims to provide a pucca house for all with basic anemities for water, electricity

and etc. Scheme will cover all 185 statutory towns of the state with initial focus on 30 Class 1 towns. The

key components include slum rehabilitation, credit subsidy for affordable housing and private partnership.

Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY): The scheme focusses on holistic

development of heritage cities by creating aesthetically appealing, accessible, informative & secured

environment. It will support development of core heritage infrastructure around heritage assets. Ajmer is

one of the important heritage centers to be developed under this scheme.

National Urban Livelihood Mission (NLUM)11: To reduce poverty and vulnerability of the urban poor

households by enabling them to access gainful self-employment and skilled wage employment

opportunities, resulting in an appreciable improvement in their livelihoods on a sustainable basis, through

building strong grassroots level institutions of the poor.

The Policy will help to integrate national and state policies and legislations on urbanisation.

National Urban Transport Policy, 2006: The policy focusses on movement of people rather than cars as

focus of the infrastructure. It integrates land use with transport planning, land to be utilized as a resource

for transport infrastructure development, parking cost proportional to value of land and promotion of

pedestrian and non-motorized transport infrastructure.

National Urban Sanitation Policy, 2008 envisions all Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized,

healthy and liveable and ensure and sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all their

citizens, with a special focus on hygenic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women.

Rajasthan Affordable Housing Policy, 2009: In order to meet the growing requirement of shortage of

affordable housing in EWS/LIG categories, an initial target of construction of houses for weaker sections,

lower income groups and lower middle income groups in the next five years has been fixed. Houses will be

constructed under the two schemes, i.e. General Housing Schemes for the Urban Poor and Schemes for

Urban Slums.

Rajasthan Urban Areas Transferable Development Rights (TDR) Policy – 2012: Under the TDR Policy,

2012 in affordable housing and slum development scheme TDR is allowed to the developer as under:

In case of affordable housing project the permitted FSI on the project land shall be double prevailing FSI,

but the unutilized FSI up to a limit of 1.5 times of total plot area can be used as TDR. The TDR certificate

in case of Affordable Housing Projects in lieu of flats for EWS/LIG surrendered shall be issued in phases

as per the provisions laid down in Affordable Housing Policy and changes therein from time to time.

Township development of Policy of Rajasthan: The Township policy 2010 permits the industrial sick

units having area more than 10 hectare shall utilize for the affordable housing subjected to terms /

conditions and incentive as applicable under model-2 of affordable housing policy.

The Rajasthan State Water Policy 2010 provide recommendation on drinking water as under: Adequate

drinking water facilities shall be provided to the entire population both in urban and in rural areas. Future

11 http://nulm.gov.in/

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irrigation and multipurpose projects shall invariably include a drinking water component wherever there is

no dependable alternative source of drinking water. Drinking water needs of human beings and animals

shall be the first charge on any available water and following actions shall be taken to fulfill this need.

National Policy on Urban Street Vendors, 2009: The Lok Sabha passed Street Vendors (Protection of

Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act in lieu of the policy. The act makes provision for

registration and issue of vending certificate to street vendors; defines role of the state government and the

local authority in managing the affairs of street vendors, setting up of Town Vending Committees, provides

for eviction and relocation of street vendors and specifies penalty, grievance redressal mechanism etc. The

Act provides for constitution of Town Vending Authorities with minimum 40% vendors’ representation

including women, SC, ST, OBC, minorities and persons with disabilities. The Act serves as a major

breakthrough to protect the interest of vendors and do away with arbitrariness on the part of authorities.

National Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM), 2009 sets a vision “To build safe and disaster resilient

India by developing holistic, proactive, multi-disaster oriented and technology driven strategy through a

culture of prevention, mitigation, preparedness and response.” In view of construction boom and rapid

urbanisation, NPDM lays down that municipal regulations such as development control regulations, building

bye-laws and structural safety features should be reviewed periodically to identify safety gaps from seismic,

flood and other disasters and curb undesirable practices which tend to compromise with safety.

State Disaster Management Policy (SDMP), 2014 lays emphasis on preparedness and proactive role of

the government not only for providing relief to the people affected by disaster and rehabilitate them but also

for taking preventive measures by predicting disaster through scientific studies based on GIS and other

available modern technology. The policy also lays stress on training of SDRF personnel and strengthening

the SDRF with modern equipment and implements.

The Policy will give a uniform direction to the efforts of multiple agencies involves in urban

development.

The Urban institutional structure12 is Rajasthan is involves multiple institutions with varied roles and

responsibilities -

Institutions at State Level

Department of Urban Development, Housing and Local Self Government (LSG): The mandate of the

Urban Development department is matters related to powers of UITs, urban & rural planning, schemes

related to regional planning, land acquisition development scheme in UIT areas and all establishment

matters.

Town Planning Department: The department is entrusted with the task of urban planning, preparation and

revision of master plans of cities and towns, developing planning norms & standards and their revision from

time-to-time and technical support to municipal bodies for various schemes & projects.

Directorate of Local Bodies (DLB): The Directorate monitors and co-ordinates functions for all ULBs at

the state level. The main functions of the Directorate include processing ULBs' cases related to

sale/allotment of land; approval of ULBs budget under various components such as special grant, general

grant, State Finance Commission, Thirteenth Finance Commission (in lieu of octroi) and state/central

sponsored schemes; implementation of various programs/schemes of state/central government; extension

& exclusion of municipal boundaries, preparation of annual plans for ULBs, etc.

12 Volume I, Revised interim report of State Commission on Urbanisation

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Rajasthan Urban Infrastructure Development Project (RUIDP): Established with the assistance of ADB

to provide integrated quality infrastructural facilities in selected regions. The sectors covered under RUIDP

are water supply, waste water management, roads, bridges and flyovers, slum improvement program,

drainage, solid waste management, fire-fighting, emergency medical services and heritage.

Rajasthan Urban Infrastructure Finance & Development Corporation Limited (RUIFDCO): It is

established to work as facilitator and coordinator besides serving as a link between various urban schemes

operated by the Government of India and their implementation in the state. It is the state level nodal agency

for all urban related centrally sponsored schemes.

Rajasthan Housing Board (RHB): A state government enterprise to deal and satisfy the need of housing

accommodation in the state. RHB through its Act is empowered to plan, develop and construct houses and

schemes for housing, commercial, commercial-cum-residential schemes, industrial housing schemes, etc.

Institutions at Regional Level

Development Authority: Established in Jaipur, Jodhpur and Ajmer with the responsibility of urban planning

including preparation & implementation of master development plan and zonal development plans,

formulation, sanction and execution of projects and schemes for development of the Jaipur regions, housing

activities, preparation of master plan for traffic control & management for the region, etc.

Urban Improvement Trusts (UITs): 15 UITs are constitutes in main cities with jurisdiction on regional

level. The main functions assigned to UITs include formulation of various schemes for development of the

city, matters related to preparation of master plan, land acquisition & disposal, preparation of land layout,

formation of open areas, provision of infrastructure facilities & sanitary arrangements, construction of

buildings, streets & other public amenities such as water supply, street lighting, drainage, etc.

Institution at City Level

Municipal Bodies: At the city and town level, State has democratically elected municipal bodies which are

categorized primarily in three classes, i.e. Municipal Corporation, Municipal Council and Municipal Boards

on the basis of population and other related criteria. State Government brought a new Act (Rajasthan

Municipalities Act 2009) for ULBs incorporating the provisions of 74th CAA.

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2. The Policy Framework

2.1 Vision Statement

The vision of Rajasthan Urban Development Policy is

“To develop cities and towns which enhance productivity, livability and prosperity for the citizens.”

Traditionally, cities and towns were centres of trade and commerce. The location of urban areas were at

the ports or intersection of roads and rivers. People from hinterland migrated to urban areas with the hope

of economic and social wellbeing. Cities and towns provided the necessary infrastructure and services to

carry out trade and connectivity through roads, ports and rails; opportunities for growth like education; and

services like health and sanitation. The urban areas had a pull effect on people. But as cities grew in size,

the infrastructure and the services came under stress due to a large population pressure. The towns started

to decay due to overutilisation. The migration became distressed migration and major reason now was not

the pull effect of the urban areas but the push from the rural areas. The cities lost their original character of

bringing prosperity and enhancing productivity and promoting health of its citizens. Cities became a

challenge rather than opportunity to the policy makers.

It is in this context that the policy for urban development aims to achieve a high standard of life which fulfills

the potential of every citizen. The “Urban Development Policy” sets the future course and objectives for the

cities in the coming decades. It recognizes the role played by the cities in development of the nation and

impact on the region as a whole.

2.2 Guiding Principles

The policy follows certain principle in setting its objectives and action points. These principles are –

Inclusion: It is a broad term which includes many aspects. Some of the aspects of inclusion are poverty

reduction and affordability, equal opportunities for all vulnerable groups, regional balance in development,

women and children safety, accessibility to senior citizens and differently abled and etc. Urban centers

assimilate diversities and create culture of their own. Hence inclusion is one of the foremost guiding

principle of the policy

Transparency: Transparency is the hallmark of an ethical, efficient and accountable system. The

development process in a democratic framework requires transparency in public institutions to ensure

objectivity, neutrality, integrity, honesty, accessibility and credibility. Hence, the Urban Development Policy

aims to achieve a transparent governance system.

Sustainability: As experience shows that unsustainable usage of natural resources and environmental

degradation will result in severe consequences unless appropriate corrective steps are taken in earlier

stages. The policy hence emphasizes environmental concerns at the forefront in creation of all infrastructure

and services.

Innovation: The challenges of urbanisation will require out of box solutions which minimize the stress on

environment and resources and at the same time make life of citizens more productive. The policy will not

restrict adoption of new technologies and solution in solving urban problems but rather facilitate.

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2.3 Framework

The policy document attempts to address the urban sector comprehensively. Issues related to urban

development as a whole such as land, planning, finance are addressed at the state policy level. Sector

specific policy objectives and key interventions are divided in two sections namely, (1) Infrastructure and

Services and (2) City competitiveness. Cross cutting (3) Enablers such as governance, planning, use of

ICT in smart solution and environment sustainability are also addressed.

Enablers Infrastructure and Services Competitiveness

Transport

Water and

Sanitation

Solid Waste

Management

Housing Drainage Economy

Investments

Heritage and

Culture

Governance

Planning

Sustainability

Inclusion

Information

Technology

Resilience

Goals Sectors

Productivity

• Urban Transport

• Housing

• Planning

• ICT

Livability

• Water and Sanitation

• Solid Waste Management

• Environment Management

• Resilience.

• Slum Redevelopment

Prosperity

• Economy and Investment

• Heritage Conservation

• Inclusion and Poverty Alleviation

Figure 8:Goals of the Policy

Figure 7: Policy Framework

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Policy Objectives

To reduce travel demand by integration of land use and transport planning.

To promote an affordable, accessible and assured multi-modal public transport system with physical integration of various modes for seamless transfer and last mile connectivity.

To encourage usage of cleaner technologies and non-motorized transport through upgrading the city infrastructure comprehensively.

To establish institutions for coordination, management and development of urban transport and traffic.

PART 2 Infrastructure and Services

3. Urban Transport

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3.1 Overview

Urban transport includes all modes and ancillary infrastructure which facilitates mobility not only within the

city limits but also for inter-city travel. Urban development process has a strong co-relation with the transport

networks. Major transport lines are often used by urban planners to give direction to the growth of the city.

The connecting nodes such as railway stations, bus terminals become center of development and economic

activity. Hence, urban transport is one of the most crucial determinant of the growth and economic viability

of the city.

Traditionally, the infrastructure has been built around to facilitate the movement of private vehicles. Urban

investments have neglected public transportation system for long. This approach has resulted in

exponential increase of private cars and subsequent problems of congestion, pollution, road accidents and

exclusion of the poor.

Good urban transport systems reduces travel demand and travel time which increases productivity of the

citizens. Affordable, accessible and safe public transport enables participation of all sections of the society

in economic activity making cities inclusive enhancing prosperity.

Current situation in Rajasthan

Historically, urban centres in Rajasthan were fort towns where economic activity was restricted in a certain

area known as walled city. With the influx of people, the towns expanded in a planned/unplanned manner.

Most of the expansion was based on availability of land in the vicinity. This resulted in ad hoc urbanisation

which did not address the travel needs of the people. The consequence of such development resulted in

narrow lanes, reliance on private vehicles and unviability of public transportation systems.

Three cities (Jaipur, Jodhpur and Ajmer) have organised public transport systems. The share of public

transport in Jaipur is 22 % .This share is bound to increase with introduction of metro in Jaipur town.

Intermediate Public Transport (IPT) is the principal mode of transport in Rajasthan in small and medium

towns. In large towns IPT acts as feeder system to provide last mile connectivity. “Alwar Vahini” is an

encouraging example, where IPT is organised by the administration.

As per Comprehensive Mobility Plans (CMPs), the share of NMT is 31 % in Jaipur (2009), 45 % in Jodhpur

(2009) and 61 % in Ajmer (2007). Due to lack of infrastructure facilities such as cycle lanes, foot paths for

pedestrians, FoBs, road crossings etc. the share of NMT is continuously falling over the years.

3.2 Emerging Challenges

Inadequate road space in the cities: The planning process does not adequately take into account the

integration of transport plan with the land development plan leading to unplanned and unregulated land

use. This leads to lack of adequate road space in cities. The demand outstrips the supply manifold and this

results in a situation of chaos. The trend is expected to continue in future with economic growth.

Disproportionate increase of personalised vehicles: In the absence of efficient public transportation

system, commuters are left with little option but to resort to personalised modes of transport which has

given rise to disproportionate increase in number of vehicles on our roads and subsequently other problems

such as traffic congestion, parking shortage, pollution, road accidents etc.

Urban Planning: Neglect of transportation plan in the land use planning is a major concern and root cause

of transport problems in the city. Transportation systems are developed after uncontrolled urban sprawl has

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already taken place. Unplanned development has resulted in increased travel demand and consequent

problems.

Institutions and Governance: Traffic management and transportation is taken care by multiple

organisations- The Transport department, Traffic Police, Urban Development and Housing Department.

There is lack of coordination and single point of responsibility on issues related to urban transport. This

results in shifting of responsibility and delay in execution of the projects.

3.3 Implementation Strategy

Implementing Agencies: Urban Development and Housing Department and Urban Local Bodies.

Supporting Agencies: Town and Country Planning, Development Authorities, Urban Improvement Trusts,

Transport Department, Traffic Police.

Implementation Roadmap:

Short Term (0-5 Years): Focus will be in towns which have population greater than ten lakhs and a

functioning organized public transport system. At the state level preparation of legislations, by laws, policy

guidelines and framework. Preparation of Urban transport roadmap on the basis of CMPs and CDPs.

Long Term (5-20 Years): Based on guidelines, implementation in remaining towns in a phased manner

depending on needs of the sector and feasibility studies.

3.4 Key Interventions and Action Points

Policy Objective Institutional Physical

To reduce travel

demand by

integration of land

use and transport

planning.

Adopt Transit Oriented Development

(TOD) principles in all master plans and

zonal plans.

Increase in FAR along transport corridors

to encourage vertical growth and control

horizontal sprawl

Public transport nodes to have mixed land use

by private investments encouraging

commercial, institutional and residential

development.

To promote an

affordable,

accessible and

assured multi-

modal public

transport system

with physical

integration of

various modes for

seamless transfer

and last mile

connectivity.

Comprehensive Mobility Plans (CMPs)

for cities with population greater than one

lakh and route rationalization for all cities.

Enforce congestion tax in dense city

Differential parking charge proportional

to time and value of land.

Affordable user charges to encourage

public transport use.

Organised city bus service in all towns with

population greater than one lakh and MRTS

for all towns with population greater than 10

Intemittentent public transport (IPT) as feeder

to main transport system and as main mode

in small and medium towns.

Integration of Intelligent Transport system

(ITS) in all public transport and traffic

infrastructure.

PPP in multi-level parking cum commercial

centres.

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Policy Objective Institutional Physical

Utilisation of land as a resource for

capital financing of urban transport

infrastructure projects.

Creation of a dedicated fund for

operations and maintenance of transport

facilities.

Fare integration and smart cards across

different modes.

Universal accessibility for differently abled

and senior citizens.

Safety features such as GPS tracking and

panic buttons in all public transport modes.

To encourage usage

of cleaner

technologies and

non-motorised

transport through

upgrading the city

infrastructure

comprehensively:

Develop and sustain road networks to

improve system capacity, quality and

safety with focus on pedestrians and

Non-Motorized Transport.

Encourage initiatives likeRahagiri ((No

Motor Vehicle) days, Bike sharing

schemes and electric vehicle mobility.

Develop and sustain road networks to

improve system capacity, quality and safety

with focus on pedestrians and Non-Motorized

Transport.

Removal of encroachments on pathways and

public roads to increase walkability.

Install accident response system for road user

safety.

To establish

institutions for

coordination and

management of

urban transport and

traffic.

The Urban Development and Housing

Department to be declared as the nodal

department for urban transportation

services and a separate Urban Transport

and Traffic Management (UTTM) wing

with experts which should assist the

urban local bodies to develop and

implement urban transport in an

organized way.

A Unified Metropolitan Transport

Authority (UMTA), with legal backing to

the authority and to make it active and

functional at the city level.

Constitution of City Level Special Purpose

Vehicle (SPVs) for operating organized public

transport systems.

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Policy Objectives

To provide 100 % coverage of 135 LPCD treated tap water in all households supplied through 24 X 7 piped metered connections.

To ensure availability, quality and sustainability of water supply through source conservation, increasing efficiency, reducing losses and development of new sources.

To improve the institutional capacity and inter-departmental coordination of water supply utilities.

To encourage user participation in all aspects of water management.

4. Urban Water Supply

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4.1 Overview

Urban water supply is one of the most critical element of urban infrastructure. Water is basic necessity of

life which directly impacts health and well-being of the society as a whole. More than 50% of past

investments in urban infrastructure have been in water sector. The sector has evolved over time and

dependence on ground water is reducing with municipalities shifting to surface source of water. Similarly

there is shift from intermittent supply to 24 X 7 water supply projects.

“24x7 supply is achieved when water is delivered continuously to every consumer of the service 24 hours

a day, every day of the year, through a transmission and distribution system that is continuously full and

under positive pressure13.”

The livability of a city is greatly impacted by availability of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities, and

therefore the competitiveness, economic growth, and prosperity. The economic impact of clean drinking

water is huge. Every dollar invested in drinking water and sanitation leads up to eight dollars in benefits.14

.If clean water is available within the premises it reduces the burden of mainly women to fetch water from

distant sources. Due no non availability of clean water at the tap, people have to install water treatment

equipment’s at home based on inefficient technologies which waste up to 70 % of water.

According to Census 2011, availability of treated tap water in urban areas is in 71 % households, out of

which 62 % is treated. In Rajasthan this figure is 82 % with treated tap water at 75 %, clearly above the

national average for urban areas. According to the State Planning Department15 data, 10% of ULBs are

able to provide more than 100 lpcd; 35% of the ULBs provide 60-80 lpcd of water and 33% of the ULBs

provide 40-60 lpcd of water as against a service level benchmark of 135 lpcd. On the other hand, frequency

of water supply is another major focus area, with 73% ULBs providing water once every 24 hours. Often,

during the summer months water is transported to towns in trains and tankers.

The Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) is the primary entity responsible for planning, designing,

building, operating and maintaining urban and rural drinking water supply in the state. Driven by recent

reforms initiative under the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, responsibility of operation and

maintenance of selected urban water supply schemes has been transferred to ULBs.

Operation and Maintenance: Lack of adequate manpower and requisite skills at local level to operate and

maintain water utilities is one of the major limiting factor. Other factors include archaic infrastructure which

needs urgent upgradation and rehabilitation, high life cycle cost of assets and equipment’s, minimal use of

technology for leak detection, burst repairs and lack of focus on customer complaints and redressal,

metering and billing, user charge collection and financial accounting.

Diminishing Surface Water Resources and Quality: The state of Rajasthan is one of the most water

deprived state in India with respect to rainfall and per capita water availability. According to the Vyas

Committee Report (2009), the average per capita availability16 is said to be under 800m3 as against a

general accepted requirement of 1000 m3. With, the state’s surface water resources being just 1 percent of

the total in the country, while the state housing 6 percent of India’s total population. There are significant

13 https://www.wsp.org 14 http://www.wpro.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_201203_water/en/ 15 Chapter 22, Mid-Term Review, Eleventh Five-year Plan (2007-12), Planning Department,

Government of Rajasthan 16 Vyas Committee Report, Government of Rajasthan, 2009

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considerations related to ground water level in Rajasthan (declining by more than 4 meters in about the last

decade17) and quality (On national scale, 74 percent of all habitations with multiple quality issues in the

country are located in Rajasthan which includes 51 percent of all fluoride affected areas, and 42 percent of

all saline affected areas).

Non-Revenue water and User charges: Non-revenue water results in commercial and physical losses to

the water service provider. High level of NRW hinders coverage expansion and service level improvement.

In Rajasthan, the NRW levels are very high averaging 50% as compared to acceptable Service level

Benchmark of 15%.Monitoring of NRW levels require metering and collection of user charges based on

volumetric usage. Udaipur has highest 87% metered connection, Jaipur is next with 65%. Rest of towns

either metering is low or non-existent.

Implementing Agencies: Urban Development and Housing Department, Urban Local Bodies and Public

Health and Engineering Department.

Supporting Agencies: Development Authorities, Urban Improvement Trusts, Rajasthan Urban

Infrastructure Development Project.

Short Term (0-5 Years): Technology upgradation and reduction in NRW in towns with surface based water

supply project in place with emphasis on towns with population greater than one lakh. At the state level

preparation of bye laws and guidelines for tariff setting, complaints redressal and service improvements.

Implementation of water supply infrastructure in all ULBs.

Long Term (5-20 Years): Focus on implementation of technology in all ULBs and robust service delivery in

all towns. Metering in water and connections to be extended to all households.

4.4 Key interventions and Action points

Policy Objective Institutional/Legislative Physical

To provide 100 % coverage of

135 LPCD treated tap water in

all households supplied

through 24 X 7 piped metered

connections.

Preparation of roadmap by all

ULBs and water utilities for

covering entire population with

piped water supply with special

emphasis on targeting the urban

Development of technical

guidelines to ensure

implementation of the 24x7 water

supply.

Follow a pro-poor connection

charge policy through subsidies,

rationalizing or block tariff.

Prioritise connections to poor

households at the affordable cost

Conversion of intermittent supply

to 24 X 7 and all new schemes to

be 24x7 water supply based.

Ensure 100% metering of

connections by service

providers.

Use of technological

interventions such as

computerized customer

databases, SCADA, online billing

17 Source: http://wrmin.nic.in/forms/list.aspx?lid=304

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Encouragement by

incentivization to people for

taking water supply and

sewerage service connections.

Undertake regular revision of

tariff by a transparent,

accountable, and participatory

processes.

Establish mechanism allowing

water utilities to pursue

appropriate legal action against

defaulters provided the

defaulters can economically

afford to pay the bill.

etc that would encourage a

higher bill collection rate.

Establishment of District

Metering Areas (DMAs) for

effective management of billing

and collection mechanisms

Development of user friendly

web portal for online application

of water and sewerage

connections, status of

applications, complaints and

grievance redressal.

To ensure availability, quality

and sustainability of water

supply through source

conservation, increasing

efficiency, reducing losses

and development of new

sources.

Establishment of a strong

government and financial

framework to monitor levels of

NRW and directly linked to the

efficiency of the service provider

as an organization.

Development of a proper

framework to set quality

standards and address defiance

of quality rules or polluting water

resources.

Establish appropriate

independent monitoring

mechanisms to keep a check on

all water resources, and water

supply systems for ensuring

standards of quality.

NRW reduction measures shall

be part of reorganization,

rehabilitation, extension of

existing water supply schemes

and an integral part of O&M of

new water supply schemes.

Adoption of GIS technology for

ground and surface water

mapping and conservation.

Harness economically utilizable

surface water through improved

and integrated and

comprehensive planning, design

and construction for river basin,

interlinking of rivers and potential

water bodies.

Reduce dependence on ground

water resources by

establishment of water grids

where surface water source is

not available nearby.

Undertake projects related which

highlight the importance of water

in dessert, highlighting key

traditional ways of water

conservation like khadin;

Encourage use of alternative

cost-effective technologies for

WTPs, ensuring clean potable

water at the point of use.

Use of GIS technology to map

the accurate status on lifespan,

usability, and the levels of

maintenance needed for proper

operation of assets for water

supply.

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To improve the institutional

capacity and inter-

departmental coordination of

water supply utilities

Integration of water distribution

and wastewater management

systems with town development

mechanisms. This will include

stronger communication between

the town planning department,

urban development department,

and the water resources

department.

Efficient and adequate human

resources development and

institutional infrastructure for

adopting new

technologies/practices and

innovative approach.

To encourage user

participation in all aspects of

water management.

Undertake massive IEC activities

and campaigns for sensitization

people regarding economy of

water use.

Incentives to colonizers,

developers for recharge of

groundwater, rainwater

harvesting, efficient and judicious

use of water.

Involvement of private sector and

local communities in

development and O&M of

sustainable water resources.

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5. Municipal Wastewater Management

Policy Objectives

To ensure 100% coverage of sanitation services with proper collection, transportation, treatment and disposal.

To eliminate open defecation by providing sanitation services to urban poor on priority.

To incentivize private sector participation for implementing innovative technologies in sanitary waste management focusing on treatment for maximum recycle and reuse of waste water.

To implement ‘’polluter pays principle” for management of waste water.

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5.1 Overview

Sanitation involves prevention of human contact with waste and proper treatment and disposal of sewage

or waste water. The sewage and waste water value chain begins from the source of generation to the final

disposal or reuse. This was one of the most neglected and crucial aspect of urban management in India.

Lack of hygienic waste water management increases incidence of diseases and associated economic

burden which has disproportionate impact on daily life of poor and vulnerable. . This situation is aggravated

by the on-going densification in the urban areas, the impact of climate change and the increasing

groundwater pollution due to sewage infiltration18.Investments in sanitation infrastructure and services,

secures higher gains for public health and strengthen the economic competitiveness of cities.

Census 2011, classifies type of toilet as either water closet, pit latrine and other latrine types. The statistics

for Rajasthan is similar to all India average. With 73% households having water closets and almost 18% do

not have access to toilet facility19.

With respect to waste water situation in Rajasthan lags as compared to national average. With only 25.6 %

households connected to piped sewer system and almost 17 % dispose the sewerage in open. For

treatment purpose there are 63 numbers of sewage treatment plants with capacity of 865.92 MLD. Out of

63 STPs, 11 STPs of capacity 149.3 MLD are Under Construction and 36 STPs of capacity 322.12 MLD

are proposed.20

The responsibility of sanitation in urban areas vests with Urban Local Bodies. The capital investments in

sewerage and other sanitation sector are mainly done by State Government. The responsibility of operation

and maintenance lies with respective ULBs.

Public Awareness: One of the foremost reasons for the low penetration of toilets in the households is low

priority given to sanitation by people themselves. Sanitation a low priority among males but top priority

among females, financial implication with high capital cost, high O&M cost, water priority of low income

groups, affordability and willingness to pay results in open defecation or leaving the waste in open

unattended.

Infrastructure: At the basic the infrastructure for waste water collection and transmission is lacking in most

of the towns. Due to low priority given in the past to the sector, creation of sewerage system in brownfield

areas is difficult. More so due to lack of point source of collection of sewerage the system for treatment is

also not functional. Most of the waste water flows through open drains in to nearby water bodies and

polluting the same.

Implementing Agencies: Urban Development and Housing Department, Urban Local Bodies and Public

Health and Engineering Department.

Supporting Agencies: Development Authorities, Urban Improvement Trusts, Rajasthan Urban

Infrastructure Development Project.

18 Volume I, Interim report of State Commission on Urbanization. 19 Census 2011, House Hold Sanitation Survey 20 Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) review.

22 | P a g e

Short Term (0-5 Years): Coverage of Sewage facility in all towns which have a piped water connections on

priority basis. Ensure that all waste water undergoes secondary treatment before releasing it in the natural

water bodies. State level planning and framework for making all towns open defecation free. State policy

to encourage implementation water reuse technologies.

Long Term (5-20 Years): Coverage of sewage services in all towns of the state. Tertiary treatment

technologies in all towns in water stressed areas for waste water recycle and reuse through PPP.

To ensure 100%

coverage of sanitation

services with proper

collection,

transportation,

treatment and

disposal.

Increase in investments in

wastewater management and reuse

from the state and local government

and allied with the cleanup of

polluted surface water and

groundwater.

Preparation of City sanitation plans

for all Urban Local Bodies.

Adoption of cascading modular

systems for installations in new cities

and retrofitting of older systems.

Ensure that water supply projects

include a meaningful sanitation

component to allow a balanced

approach to total water service

delivery.

Penalise using legal provisions in

Municipal Act,2009 those

households who do not take sewer

connections and dispose waste

water in open.

Support stand-alone sanitation

investments, where there is a need for

them, and where a sound and

sustainable business case can be

Develop effluent disposal standards

and earmarking sites for sewage

treatment facilities.

Prioritise connections to poor

households at the affordable cost, and

follow a pro-poor connection charge

policy. This can be done through

subsidies, rationalizing or block tariff.

Undertake IEC and incentivisation

methods for encouraging people to

connect to sewer network.

Undertake beautification and

landscaping around large open drains.

Make house connectivity as part of the

sewerage infrastructure.

To eliminate open

defecation by

providing sanitation

services to urban

poor on priority.

Incentivize private sector to invest in

community toilets by developing

appropriate PPP models.

Develop community and public toilets

especially near slum areas.

Adopt low cost and low maintenance

technology for subsiding and

encouraging individual households to

build toilets.

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Install community toilets near

construction sites, temporary markets

places and events.

To incentivize private

sector participation

for implementing

innovative

technologies in

sanitary waste

management

focusing on treatment

for maximum recycle

and reuse of waste

water.

State government will help ULBs in

deciding different options for

wastewater recycling, beneficial

reuse of sludge byproducts— best

suits the needs.

Proposals for commercial or

industrial development may be

permitted, subject to intended

wastewater disposal arrangements

are acceptable.

Adoption of appropriate technology,

which meets differentiated end needs

at costs that attract investments.

Regional waste water recycle and

reuse plants if more than one

municipality can be gainfully combined

for the system, identify the options and

agreement.

To implement

‘’polluter pays

principle” for

management of waste

water.

Recognition of the principle of "the

polluter pays" i.e. recovery of the

financial liabilities being undertaken

for the system.

Strict enforcement for developers and

builders to install waste water

treatment for housing apartments and

societies.

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Policy Objectives

To make storm water management system as an integral part of urban planning and development process with municipal body responsible for compliance of the same.

To ensure regular maintenance and operations of the drainage system throughout the year especially during the monsoon season.

6. Storm Water Management

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6.1 Overview

Storm water runoff occurs when the rainwater falls over impervious land surfaces such as roads, buildings

and roofs which prevent it from percolating and getting soaked into the ground surface. With urbanisation

and the rise of built environment, the proportion of impermeable surface to the permeable surface has

increased which in turn has increased the run off and reduced deep infiltration. The impact of this change

is depletion of ground water, clogging of drains and water logging on roads, open areas, etc. During

monsoons, there is a sudden rush of water in the drains which leads to water logging in low lying areas,

usually slums. Since storm water carries with it pollutants from one place to another, it can lead to flooding,

erosion and pollution. This is, therefore, a major cause of stream impairment in urban areas.

Cities have separate sewer and drainage pipes, but due to various reasons, in India, the outflow from the

two are mixed together in open drains which flow into ‘nallas’ and finally into nearby water bodies, thus

polluting them. Storm water management, if efficiently managed, acts as a source of supply for non-potable

uses of water such as flushing, irrigation and washing. Also, it can make urban environments self-sustaining

in terms of water.

Under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Municipality shall, within the Municipal

area, be responsible for the implementation of the rules which instigate the exercise of powers to regulate

the management of storm water drainages and water bodies in their respective jurisdiction.

In Rajasthan, the existing network coverage of drainages in urban areas is computed as 43.38%21.

Rainwater Harvesting in the state is mandated by the law (Municipal Act, 2009) and has been added in the

building permission by-laws also. It needs to be enforced and implemented especially in industrial and

institutional buildings which have a large footprint.

Planning: Storm water drainage system is often neglected in the overall planning of urban areas. The

regional development plans, master plants, zonal plans fail to take into account the natural water flow of

water which becomes the part of the built environment. The effects are realized later when investments in

the infrastructure are already in place. Lack of enforcements of the prepared plans, often encroachments

are built on the drains which obstruct the flow of storm water.

Design and Construction: Most of the drains are left uncovered due to which municipal garbage mixes

with water. They are hence prone to chock owing to unregulated solid waste dumping by the people. This

leads to stagnant puddles of water, which lead to health hazards, unhygienic conditions and act as breeding

ground for mosquitoes. d. These drains carry both storm water and waste water during monsoon, in the

absence of storm water drainage system, thus, putting more pressure on the sewer network and mixing of

storm water with gray water. Due to faulty design and inferior material used in construction the linings in

the drains get damaged raising the risk of contamination of groundwater.

Maintenance: There are multiple agencies involved and due to lack of coordination among all the

responsible authorities, entire drainage system remains unattended. Garbage and road sweepings are

dumped on the road side which easily find its way into the adjacent drains. There is lack of awareness

among people about the health hazard of mixing of storm water with sewer and solid waste, due to which

storm water drainage does not finds priority in the scheme of things.

21 State Commission on Urbanisation

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Implementing Agencies: Urban Local Bodies

Supporting Agencies: Urban Development and Housing Department, Development Authorities, Urban

Improvement Trusts, Public Works Department.

Short Term (0-5 Years): Storm water retrofitting in all areas prone to water logging. Clearing and

maintenance of existing drains. State level guidelines and framework for all future construction of roads for

storm water drainage. Development of uniform design standards for all agencies.

Long Term (5-20 Years): All arterial and sub-arterial roads to be adequately designed/retrofitted for storm

water drainage. Implementation of annual maintenance plan of the drainage infrastructure.

To make storm water

management system as an

integral part of urban planning

and development process

with municipal body

responsible for compliance of

the same.

Development of master drainage

plan by municipalities in

conjunction with the city master

plans and zonal plans.

Drainage system to be

mandatory part for all arterial and

sub-arterial roads.

Standardisation and unification of

design standards used by various

agencies involved in the

construction and maintenance of

the urban roads.

Undertake appropriate

retrofitting for existing roads.

Enhance green areas to

increase percolation of water

beneath the surface, only the

extra water to flow into drains.

Design of slopes, kerb parking,

and intersections (Rain

Gardens) such as not to permit

water to stagnate but to absorb

and flow.

Adoption of new technologies

and material which are

permeable in the construction of

pavements.

To ensure regular

maintenance and operations

of the drainage system

throughout the year especially

during the monsoon season.

Preparation of annual plan for

cleaning and maintenance of

drains by skilled man power and

machinery along with budgetary

proposals.

Increase public awareness about

the health hazards of improper

storm water drainage.

Establishment of a customer

complaint cell and pro-active

clearance of encroachments to

unblock the drainage systems.

All drains to be covered and to

ensure that no municipal solid

waste is dumbed in the drains by

provisions of penalty.

Strict measures by the

municipalities to remove

encroachments on the drainage

system.

Construct water harvesting units

in where water stagnation occurs

due to natural gradients.

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Policy Objectives

To prepare and implement integrated waste management plans for all town and cities including related statutory regulations and bye-laws ensuring effective collection, disposal, and treatment of all categories of waste.

To encourage and introduce technological interventions across the waste supply chain with objective of maximizing the recycle and minimizing the waste going to landfill for disposal.

To create public awareness through information, education and communication about cleanliness, recover cost through user charges and impose penalties and fines for non-compliance.

7. Solid Waste Management

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7.1 Overview

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is waste consisting of everyday items discarded by the public in urban areas.

It differs from rural areas in terms of composition as it contains higher proportions of recyclables and plastics

than organic content. Waste management is one of the core function of the urban local bodies and foremost

determinant of cities aesthetics. As compared to developed nations, which generate about 1-1.25kg/capita

waste, waste generation in the towns of India is very less at 0.3-0.4 kg/capita. In spite of low waste

generation, owing to various institutional and technological challenges, waste management is one of the

most poorly rendered services in India.The live ability and productivity of city is directly dependent on

effective waste management.

MSW management is Municipal Solid waste management rules, 2000 provide most comprehensive

policy guidelines for management of municipal solid waste. The rules mandate that every municipal

authority is responsible for collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of

municipal solid wastes in their respective jurisdictions. Penal action was prescribed against municipal,

district and State level authorities and even dates were prescribed as limits for actions to be taken. State

pollution control Boards (SPCB) have been entrusted with the responsibility to oversee the

implementation of the Act.

Total municipal waste generated in Rajasthan is 5037 TPD, out of which 2491 TPD is collected and 490

TPD is treated. As per the Rajasthan pollution Control Board Annual Report 2012-13, two scientific landfill

sites exist in the state, and primary door-to-door collection exists in one city.

Primary Collection: Waste management investments are currently planned in a piece-meal manner and

do not take into account the full cycle of safe confinement, treatment and safe disposal. Lack of primary

collection results in disposal of waste on ad hoc dump sites, which are breeding grounds for disease causing

viruses and bacterias.

Secondary Collection: The secondary collection is done in metal bins kept at various places in the cities.

Most of these bins are small in size and not adequate in number. Hence waste over spills most of these

bins. The bins are also not covered, due to which rag pickers, tend to collect potential recyclables from

secondary collection points and in the process tend to spill the waste making secondary collection by

municipal authorities more difficult. Most of the secondary collection points are in open.

Street Sweeping and Drain Cleaning: Street sweeping is not done on a regular basis. The waste swept

is piled on road side and due to lack of coordination for its removal the waste again gets spilled back to the

Transportation: The vehicles involved in transportation of waste are either old or outdated. Most of the

vehicles are uncovered. Due to lack of vehicles and equipment waste transportation is done by private

contractors which are unregulated.

Processing of Waste: There are three waste processing plants in the state. Due to inefficient primary and

secondary collection, processing of waste is difficult. Technological options are limited in case of non-

segregated waste.

Disposal: Most of the disposal is done in an unscientific manner. The disposal sites emanate foul smell

and have become breeding grounds for flies, rodent and pests. Liquid seeping through the rotting organic

waste called leachate pollutes underground water and poses a serious threat to health and environment.

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Bio-medical Waste Wastes: Rajasthan is facing a massive problem of bio-medical waste management

and disposal. According to Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board (RSPCB), gross generation of

biomedical waste in Rajasthan is 16,000 kg/day with a generation rate of 232 gm/bed/day. Out of total

generated biomedical waste, only 12,000 kg/day is treated, which means that almost 25% of the wastes is

left untreated and not disposed properly.

E-Waste: Solid waste management, which is already a mammoth task, is becoming more complicated by

the invasion of e-waste, particularly computer waste. This sector is still unorganized, at present six recycling

industries for e-waste are running in Rajasthan.

Slaughter House: Due to rapid urbanisation in urban centres a large number of unauthorized meat and

fish market have developed without any provisions for collection and processing of generated waste. Due

to lack of proper collection system, waste is directly disposed of in the nallahs or open space in the vicinity

of the market which gets mixed with municipal solid waste.

Construction and Demolition Waste: In absence of any defined rules for Construction and Demolition

waste handling and disposal; people dispose this waste open on street, roads outside their houses/

shop/sites, etc. This is creating a big nuisance in whole waste management system in urban areas and

requiring a big amount of land for disposal. There is no separate system for the collection and processing

of Construction and Demolition waste. The Construction and Demolition waste gets mixed with municipal

waste and reduces options for recovery/processing of municipal solid waste and increases the weight and

expenditure on transportation of solid waste.

Supporting Agencies: Urban Development and Housing Department, State Pollution Control Board.

Short Term (0-5 Years): 100 % Door to door collection and scientific disposal in all towns with population

greater than one lakh. Development of PPP model for regional integrated solid waste management, and its

implementation in towns with population greater than five lakhs. Undertake massive IEC campaigns for

creating public awareness about source segregation and its benefits.

Long Term (5-20 Years): Integrated solid waste management in all towns of the state with 100% processing

and scientific disposal. Setting of Waste to Energy plants based on environmental and financial feasibility.

To prepare and implement

integrated waste management

plans in all town and cities for

effective collection, transport,

disposal and treatment of all

categories of waste.

Establish institutional mechanism

with dedicated staff and funds at

the state and city level

responsible for solid waste

management.

Encourage and support

municipalities to engage private

contractors either on a

Adoption of Integrated Approach

to Municipal Solid Waste that

addresses all essential activities

in a coordinated manner.

Implementation of 100% door to

door collection of source

segregated waste.

30 | P a g e

standalone or on regional basis

depending on scale and viability

of the project.

Engagement of rag pickers and

street sweepers in the door to

door waste collection.

All workers involved in waste

collection to be provided safety

equipment’s (Gloves, Boots,

Masks, etc).

Coordination of all collection and

transport vehicles through GPS

tracking to minimize piling of the

waste at the secondary

collection points.

Ensure that all vehicles involved

in waste transport are covered

and manned by trained

personnel.

Development of regional landfill

sites for small and medium

towns.

To encourage and introduce

technological interventions

across the waste supply chain

with objective of maximising

the recycle and minimising the

waste going to landfill for

disposal.

Development of legislations and

policies for encouraging reuse

and recycle of waste.

Adopt new and innovative

technologies for management

and processing of waste to

maximize reuse and recycle.

Establish waste to energy plants

on a regional basis.22

Utilize plastic waste for

construction of roads.

To create public awareness

through information,

education and communication

about cleanliness.

Use of incentives and penalties

backed by legal provisions to

ensure compliance by all citizens.

Utilise electronic, print and social

media and undertake massive

communication campaign to

raise awareness about issues

concerning waste management.

22 Based on recommendations of Planning Commission report on Waste to Energy.

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Policy Objectives

To provide for affordable housing in all urban areas, with focus on EWS and LIG category.

To implement innovative housing finance and strategies that benefit low income groups.

To encourage technology and innovation for modernizing the housing sector

focussing on efficiency, productivity and quality.

8. Affordable Housing

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8.1 Overview

Housing is the basic need of every individual that provides economic and social security to individuals in

the society, also a reflection of a nation’s economic and social well-being. Safe, secure and affordable

housing implies an increase in employment and educational opportunities for individuals and also enriches

communities leading to a better quality of life and a better civil society.

Housing is a significant engine for growth and development of any economy. The impact of housing on

economy occurs in two phases. One during construction and other during occupancy. Local and State

governments benefit from tax revenue generated during both the construction and residential phases23.

Due to escalating price of land, housing in urban areas are not affordable. This leads either to horizontal

sprawl of the city or development of slums. Hence affordable housing is a pressing issue of urban

development and appropriate measures need to be taken by government’s at all the levels.

As per 2011 Census, the number of households in urban areas of Rajasthan is 3,216,243, which is 25% of

the total households in the state. Housing stock calculated as per number of Census houses is 30, 69,072.

A shortage of 5, 02,605 units exist in the state. As per Census 2011, total 3, 94,391 households are residing

in slums with 73,236 population. Hence, the total number of housing units to be provided is 8, 96,996 units.

Existing housing situation and rate of supply: Pressure exerted on infrastructure and social services

countrywide by rapid population growth (compounded in the case of urban areas by migration from the

country side for the urban areas), has been most felt in the housing sector. Substantial unmet housing

demand as the supply side, constrained by a number of different bottlenecks, has been unable to produce

new housing in sufficient quantities to meet the needs of a growing population.

Infrastructure: Decent housing cannot be achieved without the simultaneous development of infrastructure

services such as water supply, sanitation, roads, storm water drainage, electricity and others. The

inadequacy of infrastructural services has been caused by: (a) lack of adequate finances to develop and

maintain these infrastructure services; (b) lack of planning capacity and inability to implement land use

plans; (c) lack of co-ordination by local authorities and other service delivery companies to implement land-

use plans; and (d) inability of planning and local authorities to enforce planning and building regulations

resulting in uncontrolled development; this trend has tended to produce substandard housing which has

not included infrastructure services. Lack of established procedures for improving or redeveloping

unplanned settlements.

Finance: There is little capital readily accessible today for either home improvement loans or long-term

mortgage financing at low or subsidised interest rate. Many households cannot afford adequate housing.

Implementing Agencies: Urban Local Bodies, Urban Development and Housing Department

Supporting Agencies: Town and Country Planning, Development Authorities and Housing Board.

23 The Effects of Housing on the Local Economy, Housing Virginia, www.housingvirginia.com

33 | P a g e

Short Term (0-5 Years): Implementation of State policy on Affordable Housing and amend legislations for

implementation. Regulation of real estate sector to provide appropriate stock for low cost housing.

Development of housing finance market for low cost housing byers.

Long Term (5-20 Years): Integrated planning of affordable housing by planning opportunities for livelihood

and public transportation.

To provide for affordable

housing in all urban areas,

with focus on EWS and LIG

category.

Single window clearance and

facilitation for private sector

participation in the sector.

Ensure availability of land for

affordable housing projects

through demarcating areas in

master plans.

Create access to affordable

transport and other services like

education and health.

To implement innovative

housing finance and

strategies that benefit low

income groups.

Capital/Interest subsidies to the

poor to bridge the affordability

gap in housing.

Ensure adequate financing to low

income groups through loans

from private/public funds by

necessary interventions and

guarantees.

Development and expansion of

key financing institutions to

enable short/medium/long term

financing for the development,

renovation, extension, and

purchase of housing.

To encourage technology and

innovation for modernizing

the housing sector focussing

on efficiency, productivity and

quality.

Continuous review of housing

and development standards to

ensure affordability of housing

while not compromising key

health and safety concerns, nor

compromising environmental

conditions.

Encourage and adopt innovation

in design, materials and energy

efficiency.

Encourage use of latest

technologies for developing

affordable housing such as pre-

cast and hollow pre-cast

construction.

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Policy Objectives

To create slum free cities through provision of affordable housing and in-situ slum rehabilitation.

To provide security of tenure to slum dwellers in the slum redevelopment projects.

To ensure provisions for basic services such as water and sanitation in all slum area.

9. Slums Redevelopment

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9.1 Overview

The word “slum” is often used to describe informal settlements within cities that have inadequate housing

and miserable living conditions. They are often overcrowded, with many people crammed into very small

living spaces. Slums are not a new phenomenon. Slums are generally the only type of settlement affordable

and accessible to the poor in cities, where competition for land and profits is intense. The main reasons for

slum proliferation are rapid and non-inclusive patterns of urbanisation catalysed by increasing rural

migration to urban areas24. Some of the probable reasons for development of slums are rapid, unorganized

and haphazard urbanization, industrialization, large scale migration due to push from the rural areas and

critical inadequacy of housing, public utilities and congestions.

A Slum, for the purpose of Census, has been defined as residential areas where dwellings are unfit for

human habitation by reasons of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangements and design of such

buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of street, lack of ventilation, light, or sanitation facilities or any

combination of these factors which are detrimental to the safety and health. As per UN Habitat a slum is

characterized by lack of durable housing, insufficient living area, and lack of access to clean water,

inadequate sanitation and insecure tenure.

As per Census 2011, Rajasthan has 185 statutory towns out of which 107 are slum reported towns. The

total slum population in Rajasthan is 20,68,000 and all of them are residing in identified slums.

The State Government of Rajasthan is committed towards improving the quality of lives of slum dwellers. It

has articulated its commitment through a series of policy statements, key among these relate to its policies

on land tenure/titles to slum dwellers, livelihood promotion and urban housing and habitat development.

Rajasthan Township Policy 2010: The main objective of this policy is to promote the integrated townships

in private sector. The policy makes the following provisions for affordable housing:

15% of plots to be reserved for Affordable Housing in each of the township scheme

Government land falling within the township area can also be allotted if 75% of land is under the

possession of developer

Clubbing of two or more adjoining schemes is permissible

Mukhya Mantri Shahari BPL Awas Yojana: The main objective of this scheme is to fulfill social

commitment of providing housing to the persons below poverty line. For construction of one room unit direct

subsidy of Rs 75,000.00 to BPL family is admissible. Plot measuring 30 sqm can be allotted free of cost

under this scheme.

Slum Development Policy 2012: A private developer may take up the redevelopment project on any slum

identified by the Local Body or interested developer may also identify other suitable slum/slums which can

be taken up for redevelopment after obtaining consent from slum dwellers. Slums situated on private lands

can also be taken up subject to consent from slum dwellers and private land owners. Projects can also be

taken up on mutually agreed terms with land owners and the local body.

Tenure issues and access to land for the urban poor: Populations living in irregular urban settlements

are all confronted with the same set of inter-related problems: they have no access – or limited access only

24 State of Slums in India, A State Compendium 2013, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation

36 | P a g e

– to basic services, and they have no security of tenure. Their situation is precarious as they usually belong

to the poorest segment of the urban population

Improving the livelihoods of the slum dwellers: There is an immense need for improving the livelihoods

of the slum dwellers thorough poverty reduction, effective governance and empowerment of slum dwellers.

Mobilising finance for slum upgrading and shelter development: The current challenge is financing

slum upgrading and shelter development. There is a need for improving municipal finance for investment

in low- income houses.

Implementing Agencies: Urban Local Bodies, Urban Development and Housing Department

Supporting Agencies: Town and Country Planning, Development Authorities, Revenue Department and

Housing Board.

Short Term (0-5 Years): Implementation of State policy on Slum redevelopment and amend legislations for

security of tenure. Provide basic facilities like water and sanitation in the existing slum areas. Long Term

(5-20 Years): Use low cost construction technology for in situ slum redevelopment to create slum free cities.

Implementation of affordable housing policies and to ensure no new slums are created.

To create slum free cities

through provision of

affordable housing and in-situ

slum rehabilitation

Provide financial assistance to

Beneficiary led individual house

construction or enhancement.25

Facilitate private sector

participation for providing

houses to eligible slum areas

through in-situ slum

rehabilitation.

To provide security of tenure

to slum dwellers in the slum

redevelopment projects.

Formal recognition of the existing

slums by way of enlisting or

notifying the slums.

To ensure provisions for basic

services such as water and

sanitation in all slum area.

Coordination among various

agencies for basic services to

25 In the beneficiary – led individual house construction or enhancement of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Housing

for All (Urban) Scheme of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation will provide assistance of INR 1.5

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Policy Objective

To protect, conserve and revitalize the heritage sites and buildings in the urban context that appeals to residents as well as visitors.

To promote balanced conservation and development efforts in public interest which involve both the people and private property owners.

PART 3 Competitiveness

10. Heritage and Tourism

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10.1 Overview

India is one of the few countries of the world with such a unique and variant cultural heritage. Hence, it is

the national focus to protect this identity. Since heritage has always been one of the most intrinsic facets of

Indian tourism, recognition of the significance of heritage assets and ensuring their protection is essential

for sustainable tourism. This not only serves as the purpose for protection of our cultural heritage, but also

attracts tourism and promotes the economy of the place. Thus, important tourist destinations are also major

urban centres and it is essential to protect the urban identity. There are, in total, 31 World Heritage Sites in

India out of which three are in Rajasthan

Tourism contributes to 6.8% of India’s GDP with US $ 18.13 Billion in foreign exchange earnings. Rajasthan

is one of the major tourist destinations in the country because it has a large cultural resource. A total of

14,37,162 foreign tourists and 3,02,98,150 domestic tourists visited Rajasthan in 201326.Major cities such

as Jaipur, Ajmer, Jodhpur and Jaisalmer are important tourist destinations. Any urban policy without tourism

and heritage conservation will not be complete since heritage tourism makes historic preservation

economically feasible.

Fast paced urbanisation and infrastructural requirements often lead to a neglect of cultural heritage. An

apparent tradeoff is often seen between cultural preservation and development. Good Heritage

conservation will attract tourists, thus increasing the economy and investments in the city. Similarly, good

urban infrastructure will attract more tourists; hence, the value of heritage structures will also increase

whereas bad urban infrastructure or neglect of conservation will drive the tourists away. Urban cultural

heritage is the physical representation of community identity which needs to be preserved.

Heritage includes the monuments which are landmarks and non-monumental buildings which are a part of

the urban fabric. These monuments are conserved and taken care by either private property holders or

special organisations like the Archeological Survey of India. Traditionally, the issues of conservation have

only dealt with landmark monumental buildings, but recently, the principle of conservation has extended to

the overall urban fabric. The historic buildings and infrastructure in this scenario have to face the brunt of

development, and need the most attention. In short, cultural heritage has acquired economic value as well

as locational condition in the shape of urban tourism.

Private Properties: One of the foremost challenges in Rajasthan is the ownership of the historical heritage

sites. Many of the important buildings fall under private ownership which leads to situation of uncertainty

with regard to conservation effort, funding, incentives, etc. A clear policy and direction is not available which

complicates the situation. Due to this, many places of public interest continue to decay.

Urban and Heritage Planning: The departments responsible for urban planning and heritage conservation

work in silos. The two are seen as anti-thesis to each other rather than complementing each other’s efforts.

There is involvement of agencies at the central, state and local levels. Private properties complicate the

situation further. This needs correction through institutional changes.

Involvement of People: Heritage conservation efforts often exclude people. People participation right from

the beginning that is planning stage not only increases acceptability of the project but also in the

implementation.

26 India Tourism Statistics at a glance, 2013

39 | P a g e

Implementing Agencies: Urban Local Bodies, Urban Development and Housing Department, Department

of Tourism and Archeological Survey of India.

Supporting Agencies: Town and Country Planning, Development Authorities, Urban Improvement Trusts.

Short Term (0-5 Years): Identification of heritage sites in the urban context and bring in clarity about

ownership Establish clear policy guidelines for development of heritage areas.

Long Term (5-20 Years): Heritage conservation to be part of urban planning and implemented in all towns.

To protect, conserve and

revitalise the heritage sites

and buildings in the urban

context that appeals to

residents as well as visitors.

Establishment of Heritage Authority

and Council to undertake functions

as are necessary and conducive to

conservation and preservation of

heritage in the State as decided by

the Government.

Identification and Recognition of

heritage sites and buildings, in the

city Master Plan by municipal &

town planning bodies.

Establishment of a specialised cell

within the municipalities which will

help in the formulation of heritage

conservation plans, involvement of

people and experts

Development of GIS based

map of all heritage sites and

their conservation status made

available online.

Development of ancillary

infrastructure and

management such as water,

parking, etc. at the heritage

sites by municipal bodies and

charge user fee for the same

as additional source of

revenue.

To promote balanced

conservation and

development efforts in public

interest which involves both

the people and private

property owners.

Encourage and promote

investments in tourism industry in a

sustainable manner which increase

livelihood opportunities and protect

the built and natural environment as

Incentivisation to private

property owners with heritage

tag in terms of tax,

transferrable development

rights, FAR etc. for

conservation efforts of the

government.

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Policy Objective

To improve urban services and infrastructure to support economic development and attract investments to increase competitiveness of the cities.

To recognise the contribution of the informal enterprise and thus increase operational and financial support for the informal economy.

To promote industrial development in a sustainable manner in consonance with urbanisation.

11. Economic Development and Investments in the cities

11.1 Overview

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Historically, cities have been the center of economic development and growth. Cities have attracted

entrepreneurs, skilled work force and business investments to create the scale and opportunities. Economic

growth and urbanisation tend to move in close sync as has been observed in the past. The changing

structure of economy from primary to tertiary will also initiate a shift of labor force from low to high

productivity sectors in urban areas. Growth of economic potential of cities will not only impact the urban

centres but also have spillover effects to the surrounding regions. The urban areas will have the capacity

to absorb the surplus labor from agriculture which will be generated due to higher levels of education and

use of mechanization and technology in the farm.

But thriving of cities depends on its potential to keep attracting investments in the economic activities. At

present the contribution of the cities to the GDP of India is 68 %. To ensure urban economic development,

the city should support economic development and service industrial production. One of most important

driver of economic activity in Rajasthan will be the upcoming Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor which passes

39% of its total length through the state.

Loss of traditional economic base: Every city has a unique character and economic functionality. As it

expands and grows, the functions get diversified. Due to technology obsolescence, shift of market and

influx of population, cities lose their traditional economic base and fail to generate new avenues for

economic activity and livelihood creation.

Concentration of Infrastructure and Services: Due to inertia of existing market forces, economy of scale,

aggradation of infrastructure and services in one place, the economic forces tend to concentrate in few

primate cities which grow and expand at faster rate than the surrounding areas. This results in problems

arising due to over utilisation and underutilisation.

Management of Industrial areas: Due to overlapping jurisdictions and no clear policy guidelines there is

often conflict on responsibilities. Many industries come up within municipal areas and at the same time

urban areas expand into land designated for industries.

Implementing Agencies: Urban Local Bodies, Urban Development and Housing Department, Department

of Revenue

Supporting Agencies: Town and Country Planning, Development Authorities, Urban Improvement Trusts.

Short Term (0-5 Years): Preparation of economic roadmap for the cities. Identification of formal and informal

sectors of employment generation in urban areas. State level policy and planning for creating economic

centers of growth within the cities.

Long Term (5-20 Years): Create sustain able centers for service at regional level for uniform spread of

economic activity across the whole landscape.

Improve urban services

and infrastructure to

Planning Infrastructure

42 | P a g e

support economic

development and

attracting investments to

increase competitiveness

of the cities.

Prepare economic development plan

for urban areas which identify the key

economic drivers of the past and

potential drivers in future. The plan

will be one of the key inputs in the

master plan preparation process by

allocating land and other

infrastructure facilities.

Undertake comprehensive studies of

our local areas covering industry,

tourism, commerce, services and the

related and labor, capital and land

requirements.

Identify and address

infrastructure gaps in different

urban areas which relate to its

economic development

potential.

Mobilisation of resources to

initiate economic development in

the identified sectors by

encouraging public private

partnerships, innovative

financing and reducing the costs

of business by eliminating the

institutional bottlenecks.

To recognize the

contribution of the

informal enterprise and

thus increase operational

and financial support for

the informal economy.

Undertake regular consultation with

the operators in the informal and

unorganised sectors.

Incorporate provisions in planning

and legislations that facilitate the

growth of the informal sector in an

organised way.

Provide the small and medium

scale business commercial

operating spaces in strategic

locations with necessary urban

facilities and services.

Capacity Building of the informal

sector through financial support

mechanism, skill training and

education encourage the

informal sector to adopt efficient

production methods and explore

market potential in new thriving

areas for global competitiveness.

To promote industrial development in a sustainable manner in consonance with urbanisation.

Planning of Industrial areas to be

approved under proposed Town

Planning Act.

Segregation of the role of different

agencies with respect to planning,

development, regulation of industrial

centres.

Prepare specific guidelines

prescribing planning of industrial

areas, development specifications for

drains and capacities and quality for

treatment plants.

Identification of Industry-wise

zones across the State on the

basis of potential, availability of

water, power and other

resources so that private

industrial areas and industries

could come up and set up in a

planned manner and without

hassles.

Provisions of providing municipal

services and their maintenance

through declaring such areas as

Industrial townships.

43 | P a g e

Policy Objectives

To establish clear roles and responsibilities of all agencies involved in urban planning, development and management.

To strengthen grass root democracy and citizen engagement in governance.

To increase transparency and accountability in the urban institutions.

To ensure high quality service delivery with effective grievance redressal and continuous monitoring and evaluation of work.

To build capacity of institutions and people to tackle the complex and emerging issues in city management.

To strengthen financial capacity of municipalities to fulfill their functions effectively.

PART 4 Enablers

12. Urban Governance and Institutions

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12.1 Overview

The key to successful urbanisation lies in effective urban governance with emphasis on city management.

The emergence and identification of cities as engines of growth and their competition with each other at the

national and international level for investment is another powerful driving force leading to calls for

improvements in city management.

The 73rd Amendment for Panchayats and 74th Amendment for Nagarpalikas are landmark legislations for

creating the third level of government at the Local Level. In Rajasthan, the mandatory provisions with

relation to the 74th Amendment Act were inserted in the Rajasthan Municipalities Act 1959 in 1994 and

later certain other provisions were included in the Rajasthan Municipalities Act 2009.

The objective of the policy is to provide a citizen centric and technology driven administration through

good governance and accountable institutions.

Rajasthan government has taken various initiatives to provide good governance in the state. Some of the

initiatives are –

Implementation of Right to Information Act, 2005: Constitution of State Information Commission and

appointment of Public Information Officers in all departments and agencies.

Rajasthan Guaranteed Delivery of Public Services Act, 2011: To ensure quality and timely delivery of

services to the citizens through legal backing. The act is enforced for 152 services across 18 departments

of the state government which includes urban governance agencies also.

The Rajasthan Right to Hearing Act, 2012: This Act provides for establishment of information and

facilitation center including citizen care center and help desk for effective implementation. Basic objective

is timely customer grievance redressal by the government authorities.

Rajasthan Transparency in Public Procurement Act, 2012: This Act ensures highest standards of

transparency and accountability in public procurement processes and enhances the public confidence in it.

It gives guidelines for all public procurements in local bodies and mandates e-tendering process.

E-Governance initiatives in the State: E-Mitra, to provide online system to pay utility bills and lodge

complaints and GRAS (Government Receipt Accounting System), with the aim to streamline the

collection of tax or non-tax revenue in both online mode as well as manual mode.

Mult ip l ic i ty of Agencies : At present, the State has three Development Authorities (Jaipur, Jodhpur

and Ajmer) and 15 Urban Improvement Trusts. They are supposed to carry out functions at regional level

for planning and development .However, in practice, they function parallel to municipalities operating with

the same territorial and functional jurisdiction. Similarly there are multiple agencies at the state level with

overlapping functions.

Capacity Building of Institutions and Human Resources: With increasing population and

services in urban areas, the agencies face acute shortage of staff at the middle and senior level. The

municipal department does not have a regular cadre and institutionalised recruitment process for

continuous fulfillment of vacancies. In addition, there is absence of experts/staff for important aspects such

45 | P a g e

as Environment planning, urban design, Landscape architect, urban transport, Heritage conservation, GIS

experts, etc. Regular training and workshops for skill enhancements is also required.

Local Part ic ipat ion: Citizen Participation in the governance process is increasing and the State

needs to reinvigorate and establish mechanism to encourage the participation. Ward committees have to

be established in all the towns for grassroots representation of the concerns of the citizens. Use of Social

media by the government bodies need to be organised for more engagements with the citizenry.

Financial Resources: The municipalities find themselves often in a situation of financial crunch;

hence, they are dependent on Central and State governments for financial devolutions. The tax base and

compliance of Municipal taxes is very low. The user charges have to be levied and regular tariff revisions

are required. With increasing urbanisation, the municipalities have to ensure sufficient revenue mobilisation

for revenue expenditure for sustainability and quality of service delivery

Accountabi l i ty and Transparency: With increasing middle class in urban towns and citizen

awareness, the expectations from the government has increased manifold. The authorities have to not only

be but also appear to be transparent and accountable.. The governance system has to transform its

processes to increase transparency, establish clear procedures to decrease discretionary powers and

effective redressal of grievances.

Supporting Agencies: Urban Development and Housing Department, Directorate of Local Bodies.

Short Term (0-5 Years): Development of municipal cadres at the state level and training plan for municipal

functionaries. Enhance sources of revenues and use technology such as GIS for better assessment and

collection of taxes to enhance revenue of ULBs. Implement service delivery and acts related to

transparency and accountability.

Long Term (5-20 Years): Establishment of clear roles and responsibilities of all agencies to reduce

overlapping of work. Establishment of primacy of elected functionaries in decision making.

12.4 Key Interventions and Action points

To establish clear roles and

responsibilities to all agencies

involved in urban planning,

development and

management.

Extend the territorial and

functional jurisdiction of Urban

Local Bodies in designated urban

areas with full responsibility and

authority.

Delineate functions between

state parastatal agencies and

Municipalities in case of

overlapping and transitional

Changing the status of census

towns to new statutory towns.

46 | P a g e

areas through executive and

legal actions.

To strengthen grass root

democracy and citizen

engagement in governance.

Establish primacy of elected

functionaries and suitable

demarcation of powers between

the nominated and elected

officials.

Set standards of service delivery

through citizen charters and seek

citizen feedback on monitoring

and evaluation of set standards.

Enhance citizen participation

through social audits, M

Governance, Customer

complaint Cells.

Constitution of ward committees

in all towns as per the

constitutional provisions of 74th

Amendment and Municipal Act

giving them management

functions and resources to carry

out the functions with autonomy.

To increase transparency and

accountability in the urban

institutions.

Practice an open data policy and

strengthen the implementation of

Right to Information Act in all

departments.

Appointment of a statutory

Ombudsman to take cognizance

of all grievances of citizens and

their groups.

Make all public procurements

transparently through online

resources such as e-Tendering

and e-payments

To ensure high quality service

delivery with effective

grievance redressal and

continuous monitoring and

evaluation of work.

Undertake research, monitoring,

evaluation and impact studies of

all schemes and projects.

All departments to establish an

Outcome Delivery Framework to

set measurable targets,

performance evaluations system

for employees and a project

management system to track

implementation of schemes and

projects.

Establish an effective grievance

redressal mechanism and

customer complaint cell in every

office.

Conduct Social Impact

Assessment (SIA) of all

development works.

To build capacity of

institutions and people to

tackle the complex and

emerging issues in city

management.

Formulate knowledge

partnerships with private sector,

industry association, advisory

firms, multi-lateral funding

agencies, NGOs, etc.

Establish mechanisms to utilize

services of external service

providers, and experts as and

when necessary.

Undertake capacity building of

people and institutions related to

urban development through

training, workshops and skill

development.

Establish a Municipal service

cadre for new recruitments in

engineering, administration and

revenue.

47 | P a g e

Hire experts on permanent or ad-

hoc basis to fulfill the technical

know-how gaps.

To strengthen financial

capacity of municipalities to

fulfill their functions

effectively.

Enhance tax collections through

legal and financial reforms,

expansion of tax base and better

enforcement measures.

State Finance commission report

to synchronise with Central

finance commission, so that the

needs and requirements of urban

local bodies can be adequately

addressed.

Streamlining devolution of funds

to ULBs by linking it to

performance and efficiencies.

Proper assessment, valuation,

enforcements and

communicating with public with

regard to urban development,

property and other taxes.

Ensure cost recovery through

user charge and tariff

rationalisation.

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Policy Objectives

To enable integrated planning of urban areas taking into consideration expected population growth, infrastructure requirements and land use.

To strengthen and improve technical capability in the use of technology such as aerial photography, satellite imagery and Geographical Information Systems in planning, management and development etc.

To encourage participation of all stakeholders in planning process and strengthen enforcement mechanism to curtail unauthorized development.

To ensure uniform growth of urban regions by including peri-urban areas in planning and directing investments and development towards them.

13. Urban Planning

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13.1 Overview

Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the use of land, protection and use of

the environment, public welfare, and the design of the urban environment. It draws upon engineering,

architectural, social and political concerns. It is an endeavor involving political will and public participation.

Urban planning revolves around the idea of making a thriving city with a standard living condition. It takes

into concern the basic character of the city which comes from its people, commerce and finance, culture

and heritage. It is a process of integrating land use planning, economic planning, inclusive planning,

planning for infrastructure including transport and water supply at all level.

Urban Planning as framework to promote and streamline urban development27: Urban Planning

entails the drawing up of a methodological and legal spatial framework to assess infrastructure needs of

particular states, towns and cities therein and earmarking resources under different sectors. Urban Planning

tools may be leveraged to encourage private sector participation in land and urban infrastructure

development. Urban Planning can thus provide a perspective for participation and coordination between

the different partners (private and public) and decision makers.

Urban Planning as tool for programme implementation and Infrastructure Development: Urban

Planning acts as tool for City infrastructure development through programme implementation of government

schemes. Urban planning offers the opportunity to tie different initiatives together and focus on realizing

them within a time frame.

Urban Planning enables people participation: The Urban planning is a process that represents the

aspiration of the end users and entails participation at community level, with elected representatives, and

decision makers.

Urban Planning in Rajasthan is performed by the Town Planning department and it is part of the Ministry of

Urban Development and Housing, Government of Rajasthan. The main function of the department was to

prepare physical development plans, such as schemes, Master Plans of towns, Regional Plans and Village

Plans.

Multiple Agencies in planning: Planning is a comprehensive exercise done at various levels from

national, state, regional, urban and zonal areas. Often the plans are not in consonance with each other and

results in overlaps and conflicts. This problem arises because of lack of mechanisms for coordination

between different agencies involved in planning process. The agencies involved in planning are different

from those involved in enforcement.

Inclusive planning: Planning process excludes the involvement and participation of people. Due to this

plans are not comprehensive and neglect concerns of various sections of people. The present practice of

developing a land does not require the developer to link its site to the trunk/main infrastructure system of

the city. Due to which colonies are developed in silos without integration with surrounding areas.

Economic Aspects: Lack of focus on economic aspects of plan implementation/budgeting while preparing

land use development plans. Master plans need to look in to the dynamic nature of human settlements in

a period of 20 to 25 years rather than focusing on the end results or end state. The projecting population

27 http://www.iitk.ac.in/3inetwork/html/reports/IIR2006/Planning_for_Urban.pdf

50 | P a g e

should be based on the basis of economic projections, social changes and basic infrastructure

requirements.

Implementing Agencies: Town and Country Planning and Urban Local Bodies.

Supporting Agencies: Urban Development and Housing Department.

Short Term (0-5 Years): Integrated planning of urban areas and transit oriented development principles to

be adopted by the planning agencies. Municipalities with population greater than one lakh to play active

role in planning process and in its implementation. Regulation of horizontal urban sprawl in the cities.

Long Term (5-20 Years): All urban areas to implement the plans through strict enforcement measures.

Establishment of institutional mechanisms to increase participation of people, civil society and citizen

forums in planning process.

To enable integrated planning

of urban areas taking into

consideration expected

population growth,

infrastructure requirements

and land use.

Legislating provisions of planning

for implementation and

enforcements.

Mandatory assurance from the

developer to the local body for

connecting the proposed site with

the city’s main trunk network.

Allocation of housing and urban

services for urban poor and slum

dwellers based on demand

assessment.

Integrate urban planning with the

socio-economic, demographic

and spatial scenario in urban

areas.

Ensuring appropriate need

assessment for urban poor in

planning of new areas such as

housing, transport and other

services.

Tourism and Heritage planning

to be part of master plan.

To strengthen and improve

technical capability in the use

of technology such as aerial

photography, satellite imagery

and Geographical Information

Systems in planning,

management and

development etc.

Establish urban planning cell in

all municipalities to coordinate

with different state agencies for

issues related to urban planning.

Invest more funds in use of GIS

based mapping and uploading all

maps and master plans online.

Capacity Building of Urban Local

Bodies, this will be including

building organisational as well as

financial capabilities of ULBs to

meet the challenges of urban

planning

To encourage participation of

all stakeholders in planning

process and strengthen

enforcement mechanism to

Involvement of NGOs, Civil

Society organisations,

academicians, urban experts and

business community in planning

51 | P a g e

curtail unauthorized

development.

process.

To ensure uniform growth of

urban regions by including

peri-urban areas in planning

and directing investments and

development towards them:

Designate and define greater

metropolitan areas for regional

planning exercise involving

surrounding villages as well.

Identify potential growth areas

and direct public investments in

infrastructure and services in

these areas.

Plan to guide prospective

investors and developers in the

target peri-urban areas by

incentivisation.

52 | P a g e

Policy Objectives

To create inclusive infrastructure to provide basic services to poor related to housing, water, sanitation and transport.

To improve delivery and management of social services for health and education to all.

To provide necessary skills, training, credit and other resources to urban poor for creating and finding gainful livelihood opportunities.

To create inclusive urban environment focusing on women, children, senior citizens and differently abled citizens.

14. Inclusive development and Urban Poverty

53 | P a g e

14.1 Overview

Deprivation of basic needs of humans amounts to poverty. Last two decades developing world has seen

tremendous progress in reducing poverty. Although the share of poor living in rural areas is higher, the

share of urban poor is rising at faster rate than the population as a whole. As with other developing

countries, India is also witnessing the triple dynamics of growth, rapid urbanisation and poverty. Urban

poverty is more complex and multi-dimensional – extending beyond extending beyond the deficiency of

income or consumption, where its many dimensions relate to the vulnerability of the poor on account of

their inadequate access to land and housing, physical infrastructure and services, economic and livelihood

sources, health and education facilities, social security networks, and voice and empowerment.28

As countries get more urbanised, the level of urban poverty also increases. Some scholars label it as

“Urbanisation of Poverty”. In India, poverty levels are estimated by the Planning Commission. But these

estimations have limitations to take into account the factors of changing consumer behaviours, life style

changes, expensive and low quality housing, affordability to schools, hospitals and transport systems. For

example, in rural areas work place and residence are nearby; hence, cost of travel is almost negligible.

The latest poverty estimates are done on the basis of methodology suggested by C. Rangarajan. The

method considers food and non-food items such as education, healthcare, clothing, transport, rent, etc. In

the food category, the estimation takes into account not only calorie intake but also nutritional requirements

of protein and fats. Due to these changes that urban poverty has increased by 40% as compared to rural

poverty that has increased by just 19% compared to previous estimates. Based on these considerations,

the poverty line is INR 7,035 per month for a family of five, translates to INR1,407 per month per capita.

The Expert Group (Rangarajan) estimates that the 26.4% of the urban population was below the poverty

line in 2011-12 in urban India. Approximately, 1,025 lakhs and 39.5 lakhs people were below poverty line

at all Indian and Rajasthan State level respectively in the year 2011-12. Development can be inclusive only

if all groups of people contribute to creating opportunities, share the benefits of development and participate

in decision-making.

Shelter and Slums: The distress of urban life is most evident in the slums of the cities. Due to high cost of

land in urban areas, people are forced to live in informal settlements in unhygienic conditions. Many who

are not able to find place in slum also live on the streets, pathways, etc. Due to uncertainty over land titles

and tenures basic services are not available in these areas. Efforts to improve situation have not bear any

fruits till now and one of the most pressing problems.

Urban services water, sanitation and transport: Poor households are unconnected to water and sewage

networks of the city. Due to this, they rely on private contractors and distributors and end up paying higher

price than high income households. The slum areas also lack access to individual or community toilets, due

to which most of the slum dwellers practice open defecation. Open defecation is not only a social issue but

also a public health issue as it leads spread of diseases like cholera and diarrhea which hamper growth

and productivity. The main transport corridors of the city are also not accessible from slums due to which

transportation costs increases manifold for the urban poor.

Informal employment and livelihood: Due to rural stress, many people migrate to urban areas. Due to

lack of training facilities and education in hinterland, the migrated poor lack the skills required in urban

economy. Hence, the poor are exploited in the cities with low wages. Opportunities are limited and number

of people seeking employment is large. Self-employment requires cheap credit. Due to migrant status and

28 Urban Poverty in Asia, Asian Development Bank(ADB)

54 | P a g e

lack of collateral for credit from organised banking institutions is difficult. The urban poor fall prey to local

money lenders charging exorbitant interest rates.

Education, Health and Social Security: The informal sector is the primary job creator in urban areas.

These include street vendors, rag pickers, construction workers, etc. They lack social security protection,

insurance covers, unremunerated work, and absence of rights at work, inadequate social protection and

lack of representation. The high cost of living in urban areas and high pressure on government institutions,

the poor are often deprived the basic services like education and health which hampers productivity.

This section only deals with livelihood and social infrastructure issues. Slum rehabilitation is taken up

separately.

Implementing Agencies: Urban Development and Housing Department, Urban Local Bodies,

Supporting Agencies: Department of primary and secondary education, Department of Health,

Department of social justice.

Short Term (0-5 Years): Emphasis on public health issues and livelihood as means of alleviation of urban

poverty. Setting up skill training centers and connection with industries for employment opportunities.

To create inclusive

infrastructure to

provide basic services

to poor related to

housing, water,

sanitation and

transport.

Subsidies to the poor through direct

benefit transfers and smart cards

linked to Aadhar.

Develop community toilets and public

toilets especially near informal

settlements and slum areas.

Install public stand posts and water

ATMs in poor localities for accessing

clean drinking water.

Develop night-shelters for homeless

and migrant population in the city.

To improve delivery

and management of

social services for

health and education

to all.

Education

Increase investments in technical

and vocational institutions and

linking them to school education

system.

Establish uniform curriculum for ease

of transfer of children from migrant

families.

Education

Increase in number of schools

covering all classes from primary to

higher secondary in urban areas.

Provide night schools to enable adult

education and certification.

Introduce information and technology

enabled classrooms with children

55 | P a g e

Partner with NGOs, Civil society,

Private sector to improve quality of

education.

Health

Engage community participation

through involvement of ANMs, and

ASHA workers and Rogi Kalyan

Samitis.

Develop Hospital Management

Systems, telemedicine and other

technological interventions to better

manage and reach all sections of the

society.

Partner with NGOs to increase

awareness about health and hygiene

and prevent communicable

diseases.

education tracking and monitoring

systems.

Make special provisions for girl

students like safe transport,

mandatory separate toilet facilities

and gender sensitisation of teachers

and fellow students.

Health

Increase the number of Primary and

Community Health Centres to provide

basic services to all.

Increase coverage of health

insurance and provide smart card

based cashless delivery of health

services.

Provide essential medicines to poor

free of cost and subsidise other non-

essential medicines.

To provide necessary

skills, training, credit

and other resources to

urban poor for creating

and finding gainful

livelihood

opportunities.

Livelihood Generation

Integrate the national, state and local

level policies and programs for

provision of urban livelihood and

employment.

Adequate resources to municipal

authorities to implement the central

and state legislations regarding

livelihood issues.

Partner with educational institutes

and industry to impart meaningful

skills and training to urban poor

leading them to employment

opportunities.

Credit Facilities

Interface with banking, micro finance

institutions and other monetary

organisations to provide credit to

urban poor.

Livelihood Generation

Establish livelihood centres for one

stop solution to livelihood issues.

Provide affordable public transport

facilities for people in peri-urban

areas to travel to the city for

employment and then travel back.

Credit Facilities

Mobilize community through

formulation of self-help groups to

provide collateral towards loans.

Replicate successful business

models such as “Alwar Vahini”

which provide livelihood to poor and

services to public in general.

Street Vending

Place adequate checks to regulate

vending and maintain minimum

56 | P a g e

Street Vending

Recognize Street vending as an

important urban activity and integrate

provisions and space for it in urban

planning.

Clear guidelines and procedures for

declaring Vending Zones in the city.

hygiene standards in food and other

products.

To create inclusive

urban environment

focusing on women,

children, senior

citizens and differently

abled.

To develop dedicated programs with

focus on equipping women from

underprivileged community groups

with requisite skills and encouraging

their participation in workforce.

Plan open spaces, playgrounds and

sports infrastructure for children of all

age groups in urban areas.

Establish day care centres and

crèches for facilitating working

women.

Upgrade transport facilities taking

care special security needs for

women passengers.

All infrastructure including urban

transport and buildings to be

universally accessible to all.

57 | P a g e

Policy Objectives

To have a proactive approach towards disasters by focusing on prevention, mitigation and adaptation rather than just post disaster management.

To build institutional and human capacity and expertise in disaster management at the local levels.

15. Disaster Resilience

58 | P a g e

15.1 Overview

A disaster refers to a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence, which is beyond the coping

capacity of the affected community. Disaster could be man-made or natural. Natural disasters could be due

to floods/ cloudbursts, earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, cyclones, hailstorms, droughts, epidemics &

outbreak of various viral diseases, fire, collapse of buildings, etc. The disasters emanating from the activities

of man could be in the form of fire outbreaks, major rail, road and air accidents, industrial accidents, bomb

explosions and stampedes during festivities/fairs, etc.

In the traditional disaster management approach during the immediate post-independence period in India,

the focus was on emergency relief and immediate rehabilitation. Of late, however, there has been a

perceptible shift and the governments at central and state level have started several proactive, quick

response and other structured response mechanism.Cities and towns in urban areas are likely to face

increased challenges from climate change and other natural hazards.

The Disaster Management Act (DM Act), 2005 lays down institutional, legal, financial and coordination

mechanisms at the national, state, district and local levels. National Disaster Management Authority

(NDMA) setup under the act approve the national plans and the plans of the respective union

ministries/departments; it will also lay down guidelines for state authorities, coordinate the enforcement and

implementation of these policies and plans and ensure timely response.

State has also brought in to force State Disaster Management Plan, 2014 which precisely defines role of

various agencies/departments including NGOs in the event of a disaster. The document outlines the

methodology for restoration of essential services such as power supply, communication, transport etc as

the rehabilitation works are closely linked to these principal services.

Disaster management capacity: The institutions involved in urban governance and development lack the

required expertise and institutional capacity for management of disasters. Many of the investments in the

urban infrastructure are long term, which may face vulnerabilities in future. Hence, resilience in the system

has to build in at the planning stage itself for protection of the infrastructure and people.

Ineffective enforcements: The building by-laws, safety procedures and other regulations are regularly

flouted and municipal bodies lack the requisite political and administrative will to penalise the illegal

developments. Many of these regulations are prepared by agencies outside the municipal administration

system, due to which enforcement responsibility is also not clearly allocated among the agencies.

Specialisation: Issues concerning special events such as fairs, religious ceremonies, etc. require certain

degree of specialisation for the management and prevention of disasters. Such specialization is missing in

present governance structure.

Implementing Agencies: Urban Local Bodies, State Disaster Management Authorities.

Supporting Agencies: Urban Development and Housing Department

59 | P a g e

Short Term (0-5 Years): Vulnerability mapping of urban areas to identify areas prone to disasters. Establish

clear guidelines on building plan approvals to mitigate disasters. Conduct training and workshops on

disaster management.

Long Term (5-20 Years): Implement resilience plans for the cities.

To have a proactive approach

towards disasters by focusing

on prevention, mitigation and

adaptation rather than just

post disaster management.

All records pertaining to

permissions/licenses to be

brought in the public domain suo

Revisiting the municipal

regulations such as development

control regulations, building bye-

laws and structural safety

features.

Periodically review all regulations

to identify gaps and suitable

modifications will be made to

align them to the revised building

codes of the Bureau of Indian

Standards (BIS).

Ensure effective enforcement of

laws on encroachments, public

health and safety, industrial

safety, fire hazards, building by-

laws, safety at public places.

Third party audit of all major

alleged violations in the

respective regulation governing

the activity.

Audit of existing structures with

respect to the siting of

infrastructure, operational life

and design standards, with

regard to matters such as heat

stress, inundation, and extreme

storms event.

To build institutional and

human capacity and expertise

in disaster management at the

local levels.

Establishment of clear and

precise role and responsibilities

of each and every institution and

individual official in the event of

disaster.

Development of ‘standard

operating procedures’ for each

category of disaster.

Carry out vulnerability mapping

of all urban areas and make

mitigation plans according to

vulnerability maps.

All necessary equipment, staff

and experts should be available

24x7 to effectively deal with the

situation arising due sudden

events such as fire and building

collapse.

60 | P a g e

Policy Objectives

To protect the natural environment in the urban areas by enhancing green spaces and protecting/reinvigorating the existing ones.

To manage resources such as water and energy efficiently, economically and sustainably.

To reduce emissions of pollutants and greenhouse.

16. Eco-Friendly Cities and Urban Environment Sustainability

61 | P a g e

16.1 Overview

Development is not a standalone process, the positive and negative effects transcend the boundaries.

Decision makers always face a dilemma of conserving and preserving the natural environment while

facilitating human habitations. The process of urbanisation makes sustainable development more relevant

as economic development and quality of life are closely interlinked. The quality of environment is important

aspect of urban competitiveness as attracts talented workers and helps in optimisation of their potentials.

The Urban areas can be divided in natural and built environment. The natural environment needs to be

protected and enhanced while built environment needs to be planned and developed in such a way that it

does not impose unnecessary costs to future generation.

The term eco-friendly city is not a defined but a perceived term. Any city or town which adopts measures in

building of its infrastructure and its operations which reduces the foot print on regional natural ecosystem

can be termed as Eco Friendly city.Some of the cities of the world which are termed as eco-friendly have

one or other defining attribute such as bicycle friendly infrastructure, public transport, solar energy, recycle

and waste management. Urban development policy can tackle the challenge of environment sustainability

through three approaches

Price Regulation

Technology Adoption

Behavior Influence

Through the troika, the state needs to bring environment sustainability practices as prime focus area in the

implementation of the Urban Development policy.

16.2 Challenges

Rajasthan as a state faces certain unique problems which have to be taken care in the Urban Development

policy –

Water Shortage– Rajasthan is water stressed area with annual rainfall averaging 25-30 cms. The total

surface water source is limited and the ground water source is depleting at an alarming rate. Demand for

drinking, agriculture and industry is constantly rising. With new initiatives like DMIC to come up in the state,

the new infrastructure will put more pressure on the existing resources. Due to inefficiencies in

management of this scare resource the state is facing imminent threat. The state has already utilized 72%29

of the prevailing economically utilizable surface water resource. This challenge needs to be addressed by

policy makers in a holistic manner. The State has 10% of the coutry’s area but only 1.17% of its water

resource30.

Air pollution: The National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Program (NAMP) data for 5 major towns (Alwar,

Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota, and Udaipur) shows that suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations

remained above the annual average ambient air quality standards in all these cities during 1995-200731.But

this is bound to change due to rise of vehicular traffic, industrial growth, coal based power generation and

increasing construction activities.

29 Source: State Commission on urbanisation 30 MoEF Report,State of Environment 31 Source: State Commission on Urbanisation.

62 | P a g e

Water pollution: Major reasons for polluted water resources in the state are flowage of untreated sewage,

industrial effluents and depletion of ground water. Due to low priority, paucity of funds and monitoring

mechanisms the pollution is unabated. Due to low availability of water resources and erratic rainfall, ground

water is over exploited. This has resulted in increase in concentration of salts and has made water not

suitable for drinking purposes.

Loss of Biodiversity: Rajasthan is home to two National parks and 25 Wildlife sanctuaries with total area

of 9,161.21 sq.km, i.e. 3% of the total area. The Kaladeo National park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site

with rich biodiversity of birds. The forest ecosystem is characterized by arid and scanty vegetation.

Rajasthan has one of the lowest cover of forest, 9%32, compared to all India level.

Environment Degradation: One of the major threats to environment is illegal mining. Mining carried out

by small lease and quarry holders is in small areas and it is difficult for them to comply with environmental

laws. Some these are in remote areas due to which it is difficult to monitor them also. Mining is growing and

profitable sector giving an impetus to economy of Rajasthan It has spillover effects on urban areas also.

Land degradation in and around mining areas renders it useless for any other purpose.

Migration: Urban areas are not well connected to interior hinter lands of Rajasthan Due to this population

which wishes to work in urban areas has to settle in cities and town and cannot commute on daily basis.

This increases the pressure on prevailing infrastructure in the towns and cities. The growth rate of towns

with population less than 20,000 is negative because of massive migration to the cities.

Implementing Agencies: Urban Local Bodies, State Pollution Control Board.

Supporting Agencies: Urban Development and Housing Department.

Short Term (0-5 Years): Adopt eco-friendly solutions for transport, power and water management in all

ULBs. State level policy framework and guidelines for adoption on environment friendly practices. Pilot

projects on new technologies under the aegis of State govt., to be developed and adopted by the Urban

Local Bodies.

Long Term (5-20 Years): Enhance green spaces in urban planning and all infrastructure to be environment

friendly.

To protect the

natural environment

in the urban areas by

enhancing green

spaces and

protecting/reinvigor

Green Spaces

Designation of Urban forest areas within

municipalities and their maintenance in

collaboration with forest department.

Mobility

Green Spaces

Mandatory provision of green areas in

all urban development plans with

minimum norm of 9 square metre per

inhabitant.

32 State of Environment Report

63 | P a g e

ating the existing

Planning of the cities in order to reduce

travel demand, by mixed land use co

location of residential, commercial and

institutional complexes.

Green Building

Legal enforcements to all commercial

and institutional buildings to follow

provisions for green buildings as given

international and national agencies such

as LEEDS and GRIHA.

Encouragement to resident welfare

associations for establishment of

composting and bio gas units for cluster

of homes in the colonies.

Identification and development of

parks, recreational facilities, green

corridors and open spaces in the city.

Green Building

Mandatory waste water treatment and

recycle for non-potable uses of water

such as gardening and washing within

building premises.

Enforcement of rain water harvesting

units in all buildings with area beyond

the limits set by local bodies.

Incentivisation for installation of solar

water heaters and bio gas units in all

hotels, guest houses and other

commercial-residential buildings.

To manage

resources such as

water and energy

efficiently,

economically and

sustainably.

City Infrastructure

Conversion of all street lights to low

power consuming Light Emitting Diode

(LED) lights with solar panels as

primary source of power.

To reduce emissions

of pollutants and

greenhouse.

Urban Mobility

Promotion of electric vehicles for all

public transportation modes.

Urban Mobility

Reservation and demarcation of space

on roads for cycle lanes.

Allocation of space in commercial and

institutional buildings for parking of

cycles on priority.

Provide electric rickshaws and

vehicles for last mile connectivity on

designated routes. Building to have

parking and charging stations for

electric vehicles.

64 | P a g e

Policy Objectives

To adopt ICT solutions for facilitating citizen engagement and transparency in all aspects of governance.

To integrate ICT in the infrastructure and service delivery for increasing efficiency of the services.

To build capacity of institutions and personnel in use of ICT.

17. Information Communication Technology and Smart Cities

17.1 Overview

65 | P a g e

Information, Communication and Technology (ICT) is revolutionising and transforming our lifestyle

tremendously. Internet has become an integral part of our work, study and daily life and hence its integration

to urban setting is essential. Acquisition and exchange of information in real time has resulted in creation

of vast bank of data. This data needs to be analyzed and utilized by agencies for improving the decision

making of not only the policy makers but also citizens to optimally utilise the services.

Cities as centre of economic activity are under severe pressure due to limited infrastructure and increasing

population pressure. Pumping money to create more infrastructures is not a viable solution. With increasing

migration and rate of consumption of resources in urban areas, existing approach to urbanisation will not

be sustainable over long term. Technological interventions are necessary to increase the efficiency of

present infrastructure and make it more environmentally sustainable and socially inclusive.

Initiatives of SMART city and Digital India aim to bring in the ICT revolution in our cities. “Smart City”

integrates the critical urban infrastructure with technology for delivering more efficient, interconnected and

transparent manner. There is a realisation by businesses and government that investments in ICT can

enable delivery of systems for a better quality of life for residents while being cost efficient. Successful

implementation of ICT and outcomes will encourage extension of these initiatives in other areas as well.

Some of the initiative under Smart city can be –

Sector Smart Intervention

Energy Smart Grids, Net Metering

Water Leak Detection and Pressure Sensors, Automation and Control systems

Smart Metering

Transport Intelligent Transport Systems, Traffic Management Control Centres , Dynamic

Demand Handling, Smart cards for multi-modal use, Automatic decongestion

systems, Car Pooling and Aggregation service, Public Transport Scheduling and

Real time Information

Housing Smart Buildings, Sensor Lightening

Public Safety Citywide monitoring, Sensor Tracking, Emergency Response systems

Governance M Governance, App based tracking and customer complaints

Connectivity Expanded reach of Broadband, WiFi at public places

Smart Buildings: Buildings which integrate ICT for resource conservation, management and monitoring.

It integrates various components such as water, wastewater, heating, cooling and ventilation, waste

management, cleaning and maintenance, etc. on a single platform to monitor, control and optimise the

operations.

Intelligent Transport Systems: An integrated transport system is only possible through use of ICT. It

facilitates seamless travel for passengers across the city in different modes. The ease of use not only

increases passenger comfort and safety but also increases the efficiency of overall system. Components

66 | P a g e

of ICT include automated and integrated fare collection using smart cards, traffic information and control

centres, synchronised traffic signaling, mobile application based traffic and parking updates.

Smart Water: Installation of meters, sensors and leak detection devices will help to reduce wastage of

water. The collected data can be analysed to forecast the demand and supply, optimise utilisation capacity,

reduce storage and stagnation enable conservation and make citizens more responsible towards water

usage.

Smart Grids: Use of IT tools which help in prediction and adjustment of network changes automatically

through feedback response system. Such grids help in reducing losses, increase reliability, helps to

integrate nonrenewable energy like solar, wind and biomass and also enable net metering.

Smart Governance: Good governance is involvement of various stakeholders in policy formulation and

implementation process. When this involvement is done on real time using ICT, it increases the scope and

Smart Health care: Use of ICT to communicate between medical personnel and consumers in real time

for optimization of health services. Solutions include telemedicine, electronic records management, hospital

and clinic asset management, mobile health, remote patient monitoring, etc.

Smart Education: When classroom teaching involves multimedia and ICT to make class rooms more

interactive, it increases learning outcomes. Components of smart education involve e-learning, knowledge

sharing, connected schools and campuses etc.

Smart Security Systems: Use of technology to undertake public safety initiatives that optimise efficiency

and response time of emergency services, secure and control mass events, provide surveillance in public

spaces and secure public administration transactions.

17.2 Challenges

Readiness of the basic infrastructure: To integrate ICT in infrastructure and create smart utilities the

basic infrastructure such as water distribution systems, public transport systems, waste management have

to be in place with minimum quality standards. It is only after presence on these basic elements that ICT

can be used to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the systems.

Capacity of the municipalities: The use of ICT deviates from the past and municipalities lack the requisite

skills and knowledge to adopt the technology. Without adequate training and sensitization ICT can actually

hamper service delivery.

Digital Divide: Large proportion of citizen are either still not connected to the network (Lack of IT

infrastructure) or due to digital illiteracy. When services are transferred to digital mode without creation of

infrastructure and filling of knowledge gap, it leads to exclusion of large section of population. This also

leads to increasing presence of middle men and commission charges for those services which were

supposed to freely available to all citizens.

Implementing Agencies: Urban Local Bodies.

Supporting Agencies: Urban Development and Housing Department, Development Authorities, Urban

Improvement Trusts.

67 | P a g e

Short Term (0-5 Years): Procure hardware and software to implement ICT solutions in governance. Conduct

training and workshops for all employees of ULBs in use of ICT. For ULBs with population greater than ten

lakhs use of ITS, automation and technology solutions to increase efficiency and reduce costs. State level

policy guidelines and framework for ICT integrated infrastructure.

Long Term (5-20 Years): Implement ICT solutions to create smart infrastructure in all ULBs.

To adopt ICT solutions for

facilitating citizen engagement

and transparency in all

aspects of governance.

Increase presence of

government institution on social

media platforms for more

engagement with the citizens and

capture feedback.

Revamp the websites of all

departments with open data

policy to furnish all necessary

details to public.

Create centralized data base

and use data analytics for better

decision making and predicting

potential areas of problems

beforehand.

Mobile, SMS and online based

customer complaint lodging and

tracking.

To integrate ICT in the

infrastructure and service

delivery for increasing

efficiency of the services.

Integrate information from all

services and utilities on a single

map based GIS platform for

optimizing efficiency of existing

infrastructure and better plan for

future creation.

Implement E-municipality in all

urban local bodies to issue or

reissue all documents

electronically.

Implement Intelligent Transport

Systems (ITS) in all public

transportation systems.

Introduce smart cards and

promote fare integration

between various modes of

transport in the cities.

Develop Traffic Information

command and control centres for

real time monitoring of traffic

situation and increase the

efficiency of the road network

system to reduce travel time and

congestions.

Implement SCADA based

automation and control systems

for management of water and

waste water transmission.

Development of online system

for automatic building

permission and approvals based

68 | P a g e

on engineering designs and

digital signatures.

To build capacity of

institutions and personnel in

use of ICT.

Provide skills and knowledge

through trainings and workshops

to all staff of municipalities

regarding use of ICT.

Provide essential hardware and

software to all municipalities

Hire experts to facilitate

integration of ICT in municipal

infrastructure and service

delivery.

Introduction to Draft Rajasthan Urban Development Policy Urban... · 2016-01-19 · Rajasthan Urban...

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