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Introduction to Health Science
Primitive Times
• Illness caused by supernatural spirits and demons
• Tribal witch doctors performed ceremonies to drive out evil spirits
• Herbs and plants used as medicine
Ancient Egyptians
• Earliest people to keep health records
• Identified diseases
• Used medicine to heal disease
• Splinted fractures
• Used bloodletting
Ancient Chinese
• First to use acupuncture therapies
• Treated disease with stone tools
Ancient Greeks
• Studied causes of disease
• Hippocrates
– The “Father of Medicine”
– Hippocratic Oath
• “Code of Ethics”
• Aristotle
– Dissected animals
Ancient Romans • First to organize medical care
• Early hospitals in homes
• Developed sanitation system
• Claudius Galen (129-199 AD):
– Dissection is key to understanding body
– Could only dissect animals
– Used pulse as a diagnostic tool
Dark and Middle Ages (400 - 1400 AD)
• Study of medicine stopped for over 1000 years
• Medicine practiced in monasteries and convents
Dark and Middle Ages (400 - 1400 AD)
• Used herbal medicine
Plagues and Epidemics during the dark ages
• Bubonic Plague
Even today the plague is still remembered...
–“Ring around the rosies,
–Pocket full of posies,
–Ashes, Ashes, we all fall down!”
The Renaissance (1400 - 1650 AD)
• Rebirth of Science
– Medical schools
– Study of the body by dissection
• Leonardo da Vinci
– Studied and recorded the anatomy of the body
The Renaissance (1400 - 1650 AD)
The Renaissance (1400 - 1650 AD)
• The invention of the Printing Press made books available to study.
Monks copying books in a Monastery prior
to the Renaissance
16th and 17th Century
• William Harvey
– Pumping heart and circulation
16th and 17th Century
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek
– Invented the microscope
18th Century
• Benjamin Franklin
– Invented bifocals because he had trouble seeing
– Electricity
– Many more inventions
18th Century
• Edward Jenner
– Vaccination for smallpox
19th Century • Ignas Semmelweiss
– Cause of childhood fever
– Instituted hand washing
– Died from a cut he received during an autopsy
19th Century
• Rene Laennec – Invented the stethoscope
19th Century • Florence Nightingale
– First school of nursing
– Started during the Crimean War
– Made nursing an honorable profession
19th Century
• Clara Barton
– Established the American Red Cross
19th Century • Louis Pasteur
– Microorganisms cause disease
19th Century • Joseph Lister
– The first doctor to use antiseptic during an operation to prevent infection
19th Century
• Robert Koch • The “Father of Microbiology”
19th Century • Wilhelm Roentgen
– Discovered x-rays
20th Century
• Sigmund Freud
– His studies were the basis of psychology and psychiatry
20th Century • Alexander Fleming
– Discovered Penicillin
20th Century • Jonas Salk
– Discovered a “killed” polio virus vaccine
20th Century • Albert Sabin
– Used a “live” polio vaccine
21st Century
• New approaches to medical care are being discovered every year
• People are taught more about wellness, and learn more about health care
The Medical Profession helps those you love!
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