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ISLAMIC CIVILISATIONS . EARLY DEVELOPMENTS . less 200 years from not existing to being the religious and political principal of one of the largest empires in the world. EARLY SITUATION. tribal Quraysh living in Mecca Arabian peninsula => polytheisme - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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ISLAMIC CIVILISATIONS
EARLY DEVELOPMENTS
less 200 years from not existing to being the religious and political principal of one of the largest empires in the world
EARLY SITUATIONtribalQuraysh living
in Mecca Arabian
peninsula => polytheisme
kept cult statutes of gods in the Kaaba
KAABAIt has been
reconstructed several times
It used to be open to everyone
Used to get floodedThere are two
kaabas!The Black Stone is
brokenIt's not supposed to
be a cube shape
monotheisms like Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism
northern part of Arabia: sandwiched between Byzantine Empire and Persian Sassanian Empire
Islam = radical reforming religionMuhammad = final prophet to bring people
back to the one true religionworship of, and submission to, a single and
all-powerful God
EARLY SITUATION
Quran acknowledges Abraham and Moses and Jesus
as prophetsmuch less narrative• the written record
of the revelations Muhammad received
• the actual word of God
• major themes: monotheism & taking care of those who are less fortunate than you
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
1SHAHADAH or the profession of the faith:There is no god but god and Muhammad is God’s prophet
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
2:SALAT, or ritual prayer five times a day
dawnnoon afternoon sunsetlate evening
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
3SAWMmonth-long fast during the month of Ramadan
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
4ZAKATnon-poor Muslims are required to give a percentage of their income to the poor
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
HAJJpilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims must try to fulfill at least once in their lives, provided they are healthy and have enough money
SUPPLEMENTARY SACRED TEXTS
Judaism + TalmudChristianity + lives of saints
Islam + HADITH = a collection of sayings and stories about the Prophet
SHARIAa body of lawnumerous interpretations
UMMAH
community of believers
trumped all other ties, including tribal ties
QURAYSHcontrolled
pilgrimage trade in Mecca => monotheism => economical disaster
622 force Muhammad and followers out of Mecca => to Yithrab = Medina
Hijra => marks year 0 in the Islamic calendar
BEGINNING OF AN EMPIRE
Muhammad severed the religion’s ties to Judaism, turning the focus of prayer to Mecca
Islamic community => empire or church?Muhammad: important prophet and a good
general630 Islamic community took back Meccadestroyed idols in kabaaIslam was available to everyone from the
moment of its founding=> Islam: powerful political and religious force
AFTER MUMAMMAD
632 Muhammad dies Muhammad = final prophet, the revelation of
the Quran would continue to guide the ummah
caliph = political leader1st caliph Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s father-in-
law 4th caliph Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-lawdivide between the two of the major sects of
Islam: Suuni and Shi’a
SUNNI vs SHIA (some differences...)
Sunni
Shia
followers Sunnis Shiites, Shi'i
meaning of name "well-trodden path" or "tradition" "party" or "partisans" of Ali
current adherents 940 million 120 million
percentage of total Muslims 90% 10%
primary locations most Muslim countries Iran, Iraq, Yemen
did Muhammad designate a successor? no yes
true successor of the Prophet Abu Bakr, father of the Prophet's favoured wife, 'A'ishah (elected by people of Medina)
'Ali ibn Abi Talib, husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah (designated by the Prophet)
qualifications for ruler of Islam tribe of the Prophet (Quraysh); later, any qualified ruler family of the Prophet
current leaders imams mujtahids
identity of imams human leaders infallible manifestations of God and perfect interpreters of the Qur'an
Abu Bakr & Ali ibn Abi Talib
Abu stabilized the community after Muhammad’s death
recording the Quran in writing started military campaigns against the
Byzantine (plague) and Sassanian Empires (weak)
finally Ali becomes leaderleads to a civil warUthman’s tribe becomes the ruling dynasty followed by the Abbasids
IN SHORTa small group of people an area of the world with few natural resources =>
created one of the great empires of the world and also one of its great religions
Muslims were great conquerorsstarted an explosion of trade and learningsaved many of the classical texts that form the
basis of the “Western Canon”paved the way for the Renaissancemuch of the world between Spain and the Indus
River wasn’t Arabized, most of it was Islamized 5 times a day millions of people turn toward Mecca
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