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JAXA Activities
in Earth Observations from Space -- Recent Progress of the GPM and GCOM Programs --
Tomomi Nio
EORC / JAXA
APSDEU-7 September 20-22, 2006 @ Hawaii
2
Topics
1. Earth Observation Program Outline1. Earth Observation Program Outline
2. Operation Status2. Operation Status
- TRMM- TRMM
- Aqua/AMSR-E- Aqua/AMSR-E
- ALOS- ALOS
- Network Interface- Network Interface
3. Future Program3. Future Program
- GOSAT- GOSAT
- GPM- GPM
- GCOM-W/C- GCOM-W/C
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Current Operation Status
1. TRMM (’97.11- ) almost 9 years old– Post-Operations Phase– Operation has been extended
2. Aqua/AMSR-E (’02.5- )– Post-Operations Phase
3. ALOS (’06.1-)– Initial CAL/VAL Phase
2. Operation Status
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TRMM
• It is approved that TRMM continues to observe tropical rainfalls until September 2009, with possible additional extension after another senior review, allowing for a possible overlap with GPM. (TRMM may operate as long as September 2012.)
• Long, accurate record of quasi-global precipitation
Outstanding research benefit
• Data utilization– 8 years of PR data has been accumulated.
• Information on structure of precipitation systems brought by PR Precipitation System Climatology
• Estimation of estimated rain rate accuracy including effects of altitude change is important for climate research purpose
2. Operation Status
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Aqua/AMSR-E
• AMSR-E data utilization– JMA started to use AMSR-E data for the global
numerical prediction model on May 15, 2006.
2. Operation Status
Improved the forecast accuracy of the track of a typhoon
– “SST anomaly in the high latitude ocean of AMSR-E” site was released on September 14, 2006.
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Tropical Cyclone Data Base• JAXA EORC Tropical
Cyclone Data Base– You can search
tropical cyclone data observed by TRMM/PR, TMI, VIRS, Aqua/AMSR-E at the same time.
– You can access TRMM/PR 3D movies.
http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp
2. Operation Status
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ALOS Overview
• JAXA’s High-Resolution Earth Observing Satellite• Mission
– Cartography (1/25,000)– Regional Environmental Monitoring– Disaster Monitoring– Resources Survey
Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for
Stereo Mapping (PRISM)
Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2
(AVNIR-2)
Data Relay Communication AntennaStar Tracker
GPS Antenna
Solar Array Paddle
9m
22m
Orbit : Sun Synchronous
Altitude: 691.65km
Repeat Cycle : 46days
Sub-Cycle : 2days
Launch Date : Jan.24, 2006Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar
(PALSAR)
2. Operation Status
Spatial Resolution: 2.5m (at Nadia)Swath Width: 70km(Nadia only) / 35km (Triplet mode)
Range Resolution: 7 to 44/ 14 to 88m (Fine) 100m (ScanSAR)
Swath Width: 40 to 70km (Fine) / 250 to 350km (ScanSAR)
Spatial Resolution: 10m (at Nadia)Swath Width: 70km(at Nadia)Pointing Angle: -44 to +44 degree
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ALOS Current Status
• Initial CAL/VAL Period;– Calibration and Validation of each sensors on
processing Level1 data from Level0 data are most important and necessary to improve the accuracy of high resolution DEM and biomass distribution data.
• We will have the review on October 23 for moving to “Routine Operations Period”.
• ALOS data utilization;– Disaster monitoring
2. Operation Status
Flooded areas in ChoeleChoele City, Argentina observed by "Daichi"(ALOS)/PRISM on July 30, 2006.
(Pre-disaster) (Post-disaster)
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Network Interface
NASA/GSFC(SDPF,TSDIS,EDOS,CSAFS)JAXA/EOC
APAN/SINET(effect 6Mbps)
NASA/JPL(PO.DAAC)
2. Operation Status
NOAA/NESDIS
JAXA/EOC
Wide area Ethernet
JAXA/EORC
JMA/MSC
JAXA/TKSCWide Area Ethernet(100Mbps) ATM 1Mbps
-EORC Tokyo office move to Tsukuba the end of October.
-EORC will connect Tsukuba WAN and increase 200Mbps with EOC next April.
-Internet (VPN) is used for ALOS. -Wide width network will be implemented for GOSAT
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• Mission– To observe greenhouse effect gasses globally
GOSAT Overview3. Future Program
Designed Life Span: 5yearsOrbit Plan: Altitude 666km Sun-Synchronous Sub-Recurrent OrbitOrbit Inclination: 98deg.Launch: Aug.2008 by H-IIA (TBD)
TANSO-FTS(Greenhouse gasses observing Sensor)Atmospheric absorption observation by Fourier Theorem Spectroscopy
Wavelength band1 0.38μm band2 0.67μm band3 0.87μm band4 1.62μm
Spectrum resolution 0.2 – 1cm
TANSO-CAI(Cloud/Aerosol Sensor)ImagerWavelength band1 0.38μm band2 0.67μm band3 0.87μm band4 1.62μm
FSSH-1XANT-1XANT-2SANT-1
ESH
CAM-H1
CS光学系ユニット
GOS光学系ユニット
FSSH-2/3 TEDA-LPT2
TEDA-LPT1
PDL
Z(地心方向)
(進行方向、ロケット機軸方向)X
Y
FSSH-1XANT-1XANT-2SANT-1
ESH
CAM-H1
CS光学系ユニット
GOS光学系ユニット
FSSH-2/3 TEDA-LPT2
TEDA-LPT1
PDL
FSSH-1XANT-1XANT-2SANT-1
ESH
CAM-H1
CS光学系ユニット
GOS光学系ユニット
FSSH-2/3 TEDA-LPT2
TEDA-LPT1
PDL
Z(地心方向)
(進行方向、ロケット機軸方向)X
Y
Z(地心方向)
(進行方向、ロケット機軸方向)X
Y
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From TRMM to GPM
NASA, JAXA and
NICTInternational Cooperation
Mission
3. Future Program
Cooperation(Expected partners) : NOAA(US),NASA(US),CNES/ISRO(France/India) and others
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GPM Overview3. Future Program
• Mission:Core Satellite– Observation of rainfall
with more accurate and higher resolution
– Adjustment of data from constellation satellites
Constellation Satellites– More frequent
ObservationGPM – Global Observation
every 3 hours↓↓– Earth heating Earth heating
PhenomenaPhenomena– Study of Climate ChangeStudy of Climate Change– Improvement of Improvement of
forecasting systemforecasting system
Core Satellite Constellation Satellites
Orbit Sun-asynchronous
Sun-synchronous
Inclination Approx. 68 deg. Approx. 90 deg.
Altitude Approx. 600 km Approx. 600 km
Period Approx. 92 minutes
Approx. 100 minutes
Mission Instrument
DPR*GMI
Microwave Radiometer
Resolution
KuPR:245km
KaPR:120km
Approx. 800km
Range Res. 250m ---
Launch Date 2013 (TBD) ---
Mission of Life
3 years and 2 months
---
*DPR=Dual Frequency Radiometer 14GHz KuPR and 35GHz KaPR
2 satellites
8 satellites
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GPM project status• Core satellite:
– GPM core launch schedule was slipped to June 2013 because of NASA budget problem
– Currently JAXA is in phase B. – JAXA proceed to phase C/D in JFY 2007.
• Constellation satellites:– A lot of changes!
• EGPM : reduced• NPOESS : scale downed (reduced time orbit and CMIS)• NASA constellation : Non-sun synchronous (inclination 40°)
etc.– Microwave radiometers get fewer at the operation period of GPM
core.It is very difficult to achieve our objectives.JAXA started to use not only microwave radiometer but also
microwave sounder data for frequent precipitation observation.
3. Future Program
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Overlap of satellite operation
3. Future Program
Note: Not written about FY-3/MWRI and MWHS
In order to achieve our GPM mission, we hope to know more details of constellation candidate.
-Possibility of FY-3 data use.
-Korea (KMA/KARI) will plan to have satellite with microwave radiometer or not?
-NPOESS update information. etc.
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GPM Related Meetings• Workshop:
– The 6th GPM International Planning Workshop, • Date: 6-8 November 2006• place: USA
– GPM Data Working Group:GDaWG• Not hold this year
3. Future Program
** We started to study the possibility of multi sensor data use such as other agency’s sensors or microwave sounder.
If possible, I want to discuss data exchange in specific.
- What type of data format ?
- How to get data to use in real-time, operationally?
- Can we get Point of Contact?
Update information, idea, advice, comments are
welcome!!
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GCOM System OverviewGCOM-W & -C characteristics
ConfigurationGCOM-W GCOM-C
Orbit (TBD)
•Sun-synchronous•Altitude: 699.6km•Inclination: 98.19deg•Descending local time: 1:30
•Sun-synchronous•Altitude: 798km•Inclination: 99.36deg•Descending local time: 10:30
Instruments•AMSR2•SeaWinds F/O (-W2, -W3:TBD)
•SGLI
Launch Date 2010 2011Mission Life 5 years (3 satellites; total 13 years)Launch Vehicle H-IIA
3. Future Program
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GCOM-W
Targets of GCOM-W/AMSR2 are water-energy cycle.
GCOM-W AMSR2 characteristics
Scan Conical scan microwave radiometer
Swath width 1450km
Antenna 2.0m offset parabola antenna
Digitalization 12bit
Incident angle Apporox. 55 degree
Polarization Vertical and Horizontal
Dynamic range 2.7-340K
Band(GHz)
Band width (MHz)
Polarization
Beam width [deg] (Ground
resolution [km])
Sampling interval
[km]
6.925 350
Vand
H
1.8 (35 x 62)
10
10.65 100 1.2 (24 x 42)
18.7 200 0.65 (14 x 22)
23.8 400 0.75 (15 x 26)
36.5 1000 0.35 (7 x 12)
89.0 3000 0.15 (3 x 5) 5
AMSR2
AMSR-2 will continue AMSR-E observations (water vapor, cloud liquid water, precipitation, SST, wind speed, sea ice concentration etc.).
If GCOM-W2, W3 has scatterometer,
GCOM-W scatterometer in afternoon orbit will increase time resolution and data coverage in combination with the METOP/ASCAT in morning orbit (to achieve every 6 hours observation).
3. Future Program
AMSR-2 data will contribute to operational users such as meteorological agencies
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AMSR-Products (ADEOS-II)
Wind speed Wind speed (ocean)(ocean)
Sea ice Sea ice conc.conc.
Sea surface Sea surface temperaturetemperature
Snow depthSnow depth
Cloud Cloud liquid liquid waterwater
Water Water vapor vapor (ocean)(ocean)
PrecipitatiPrecipitationon
Soil Soil moisturemoisture
Products Comments
Integrated water vapor
Over global ocean*, columnar integrated value
Integrated cloud liquid water
Over global ocean*, columnar integrated value
Precipitation
Global (except over ice and snow), surface rain rate
Sea surface temperature *
Global ocean
Sea surface wind speed
Global ocean
Sea ice concentration
High latitude ocean areas
Snow depthLand surface (except dense forest regions)
Soil moisture
Land surface (except ice sheet and dense forest regions)
AMSR product table
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GCOM-C
SGLI channels
CHλ Δλ Lstd Lmax IFOV
VN, P, SW: nmT: μm
VN, P: W/m2/sr/mT: Kelvin
m
VN1 380 10 60 210 250VN2 412 10 75 250 250VN3 443 10 64 400 250VN4 490 10 53 120 250VN5 530 20 41 350 250VN6 565 20 33 90 250VN7 670 10 23 62 250VN8 670 20 25 210 250VN9 763 8 40 350 1000
VN10 865 20 8 30 250VN11 865 20 30 300 250
P1 670 20 25 250 1000P2 865 20 30 300 1000
SW1 1050 20 57 248 1000SW2 1380 20 8 103 1000SW3 1640 200 3 50 250SW4 2210 50 1.9 20 1000T1 10.8 0.7 300 340 500T2 12.0 0.7 300 340 500
Visible & near infrared (VN) push-broom radiometer
Polarization muti-angle radiometer (P)
Shortwave (SW) & thermal infrared (T) scanning radiometerTargets of GCOM-C/ SGLI is surface and
atmospheric valuables related to carbon cycle and radiation budget.
SGLI will follow almost of the GLI observations (sea surface temperature, ocean color, aerosols, cloud, vegetation, snow/ ice, and so on). The new SGLI features (250m (VN) and 500m (T) channels and two polarization/ multi-direction channels (P)) will enable to improve land and coastal monitoring and retrieval of aerosol over land.
GCOM-C SGLI characteristics
ScanPush-broom electric scan (VN & P)Wisk-broom mechanical scan (SW & T)
Scan width1150km cross track (VN & P)1400km cross track (SW & T)
Digitalization 12bit
Polarization 3 polarization angles for P
Along track direction
+45 deg and -45 deg for PNadir for VN, SW and T
3. Future Program
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GLI products on ADEOS-II
Land Land vegetationvegetation
Ocean Ocean chlorophyllchlorophyll
TOA radianceTOA radiance Snow Snow grain grain sizesize
Sea Sea surface surface temperaturtemperaturee
AerosolsAerosolsCloud Cloud optical optical thicknessthickness
water vapor water vapor (land)(land)
Target Product
Land
Geometric correction
Geometric correction by GCP
Surface reflectance
Land surface reflectance
Vegetation indexes (NDVI, EVI)
Atm
osphere
AerosolOcean aerosols (Tau, Alpha)
Cloud
Cloud flag (area, phase)
Cloud optical thickness (water/ice)
Ice cloud effective radius
Water cloud top height
Cloud top temperature (water/ice)
Cloud liquid water cloud
Cloud fraction
water vaporcolumn water vapor (over land)
Ocean
Ocean atmospheric correction
Normalized water leaving radiance
Ocean aerosols (Tau, Alpha)
Photosynthetically available radiation
In-water
chlorophyll-a concentration
Suspended solid concentration
Coloured dissolved organic matter
Attenuation coefficient at 490nm
temperature Sea surface temperature
Cryosphere
AreaCloud detection over snow/ice
Snow/ice covered area
Surface
Snow/ice surface temperature
Snow grain size
Snow impurities
GLI product table
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Future marine exploration technology
・ Global environment problem・ GHG・ Understand of weather anomaly and climate change
Earth Observation
GOSATALOS GPM/DPR GCOM
CloudAerosol
GHG
Quasi-Zenith Satellite
Ocean color
Rainfall
・ Marine exploration under ocean bottom ・ Resource exploration by satellite and marine probe
Marine exploration
Deep sea drilling
Vegetation
Positioning
・ Disaster monitoring of earthquake, heavy rain etc. ・ Trench giant earthquake
Disaster Monitoring
Ocean windSST
Integ
ration
of o
bservatio
n d
ata
Users
Integrated dataset
Policy making
Data Data Integration Integration & Analysis& Analysis
Research institutes
Ministry and agency
緯度
経度時間
“Integrated Marine Exploration and Earth Observation System”Establishment of a fundamental system for Earth observation, disaster monitoring and marine exploration system as a national key technology for Japanese national security
30
Summary
• Current satellite:– TRMM/PR, Aqua/AMSR-E and ALOS are oper
ating well.• Future Program:
– GOSAT is developing for the launch in 2008.– GPM project is studying the new possibility of
data utilization for frequent precipitation observation.*We need your cooperation!
– GCOM-W project will be approved soon. AMSR-2 data will contribute to improving clima
te change prediction and operational use.
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