View
213
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
1/24
Prevention ModelPrevention Model
mohd rafdi bin jusoh
Email: mrafdi.jusoh@gmail.com
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
2/24
Risk & Resiliency Factors
Outlines
The risk and protective actors theory
The resiliency approach
The developmental assets approach
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
3/24
Overview of the theory
R! actors is based on a simple premise "
o To prevent a problem rom happening# one needs to identiy the actorsthat increase the risk o that problem developing# and then fnd $ays toreduce the risk
o %t the same time# $e must also identiy those actors that bu&erindividuals rom the risk actors presents in their environment# and thenfnd $ay to increase the protection
R' are actors sho$n to increase the likelihood o adolescentsubstance abuse# teenage pregnancy# school dropout# youth violence#
and delin(uency " all into ) categories " *+, community# *-, amily# *,school# and *), individual/peer
!' counter R' and the more !' that are present# the less the risk. !'all into ) basic categories " *+, individual characteristics# *-, bonding#*, healthy belies and clear standard# and *), actively creating healthycommunities
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
4/24
Risk Factors
Community Risk Factors
%vailability o drug
o The more available drugs are in a community# the higher the risk thatyoung people $ill abuse drugs in the community
o !erceived availability o drugs is also associated $ith risk
0ommunity la$s and norms avorable to$ard drug use
o 0ommunity norms " attitudes and policies a community holds aboutsubstance use and crime " are communicated in a variety $ays
o 0on1icting message " eg. Open selling o alcohol
Transitions and mobility
o 2chool transition can predict increases in problem behavior
o 0ommunities $ith high rates o mobility appear to be linked to anincreased risk o drug and crime problem " the more oten people move#the greater risk o both criminal behavior and drugrelated problem inamilies
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
5/24
Risk Factors
Community Risk Factors
3o$ neighborhood attachment and community
o 4igher rates o drug problems# delin(uency and violence and higherrates o drug tra5cking occur in communities or neighborhoods $herepeople have little attachment to the community
o The less homogeneous a community is in term o race# class# andreligion# the less connected its residents may eel to the overallcommunity# and the more di5cult it is to establish clear communitygoals and identity
o 6 the key players in the neighborhood *police# political leader# etc, liveoutside the neighborhood# residents7 sense o commitment $ill be less
E8treme economic deprivation
o 0hildren live in deterioration and crimeridden neighborhoodscharacteri9ed by e8treme poverty are more likely to develop problems$ith delin(uency# drug use and abuse# and violence
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
6/24
Risk Factors
Family Risk Factors
'amily history o the problem behavior
o 6 children are raised in a amily $ith a history o addiction# the risk ohaving alcohol and drug problems themselves increase
o 'amiliar patterns o addiction predispose children to addictionthemselves
'amily management problems
o !oor amily management practices include lack o clear e8pectations orbehavior# ailure o parents to monitor their children and e8cessively
severe or inconsistent punishmento This risk actor has been sho$n to increase the risk o substance abuse#
delin(uency# violence# etc
'amily con1ict
o 0hildren raised in amilies high in con1ict appear to be at risk or all othe problem behaviors
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
7/24
Risk Factors
Family Risk Factors
!arental attitudes and involvement in drug use# crime and violence
o !arental attitudes and behavior to$ard drugs# crime violencein1uence the attitudes and behavior o their children
o !arental approval o young people7s moderate drinking# even underparent supervision# increase the risk o young people using marijuana
o 2imilarly# children o parents $ho e8cuse their children or breaking thela$ are more likely to develop problems $ith juvenile delin(uency
o 6n amilies $here parents involve children in their o$n drug or alcohol
behavior " there is an increased likelihood that their children $illbecome substance abuse in adolescence
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
8/24
Risk Factors
School Risk Factors
Early and persistent antisocial behavior
o %ggressive in early age# combine $ith isolation and $ithdra$al# there isan even greater risk o problems in adolescence
o %lso includes persistent antisocial behavior in early adolescence*misbehaving in school# skipping school# getting into fght, " are atincreased risk or substance abuse# juvenile delin(uency# violence# etc
%cademic ailure beginning in elementary school
o 0hildren ail or many reasons# it appears that the e8perience o ailure "
not necessary ability " increases the risk o problem behaviors 3ack o commitment to school
o The young person has ceased to see the role o student as a viable one "$ill ace the higher risk or substance abuse
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
9/24
Risk Factors
Individual/Peer Risk Factors
%lienation/rebelliousness
o ;oung people $ho eel they are not part o society# are not bound byrules# do not believe in trying to be successul or responsible# or $hotake an active rebellious stance to$ard society# are at higher risk osubstance abuse and other problems
o 0hildren $ho are consistently discriminated against may respond byremoving themselves rom the dominant culture and rebelling against it
'riends $ho engage in the problem behavior
o
;oung people $ho associate $ith peers $ho engage in problem behaviorare much more likely to engage in the same problem behavior
o Even a young people $ith no problem in amily do not e8perience riskactors# just hanging out $ith riends $ho engage in the problembehavior greatly increases the child7s risk o that problem
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
10/24
Risk Factors
Individual/Peer Risk Factors
'avorable attitudes to$ard the problem behavior
o
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
11/24
Protective Factors
0onditions that protect individual rom the negative conse(uences oe8posure to risks# either by reducing the impact o the risk or bychanging the $ay a person responds to the risk
They promote positive behavior# health# $ellbeing# and personal
success
Individual Characteristics
Research has identifed three individual characteristics as protectiveactors# the characteristics children are born $ith and are di5cult tochange# $hich can protect against substance abuse
o =ender
o % resilient temperament
o % positive social orientation
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
12/24
Protective Factors
Bonding
0hildren $ho are attached to positive amilies# riends# school andcommunity and $ho are committed to achieving the goals valued bythese groups are less likely to develop problems in adolescence
2tudies o successul children $ho live in highrisk neighborhoods orsituations indicate that strong bonds $ith a caregiver can keepchildren rom getting into trouble
To build bond# three conditions are necessary
o Opportunities " children must be provided $ith opportunities to contribute totheir community# amily# peers# and school " meaningul opportunities thathelp them eel responsible and signifcant
o 2kills " children must be taught the skills necessary to e&ectively takeadvantage o the opportunity they are provided " to avoid e8periencerustration and/or ailure
o Recognition " children must also be recogni9ed and ackno$ledged or theire&orts " $ill give them incentive to contribute and reinorces their skillul
perormance
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
13/24
Protective Factors
Healthy Beliefs and Clear Standards
The people to $hom youth are bonded need to have clear# positivestandards or behavior " the content o these standards is $hatprotects young people
>hen parents# teachers and communities set clear standards orchildren7s behavior# $hen they are $idely and consistentlysupported# and $hen the conse(uences or not ollo$ing thestandards are consistent# young people are more likely to ollo$ thestandards
?uild the social development strategy
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
14/24
2kills
4ealthy ?ehaviors
4ealthy
?elies and0lear
2tandards
Opportunities Recognition
6ndividual0haracteristic
s
The SocialDevelopmentStrategy
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
15/24
The resiliency approach stems rom research on young people romtroubled backgrounds $ho have learned to bounce back the odds arestacked against them
Resiliency actors are actors that protect or bu&er people againstsocial problems or risk actors
>erner *+AB, identifed several environmental actors that osterresilience in kids# including the ollo$ing:
The age o the parent o the opposite se8 *younger mothers or resilientboys# older athers or resilient girls,
The number o children in the amily *our or e$er,
2pacing bet$een children *t$o years or more $as best, The number and type o people available to help the mother rear the
children *such as grandparents# aunts# or uncles,
2teady employment or the mother# especially i she $as a single mother
The availability o a sibling as a caretaker in childhood
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
16/24
>erner *+AB, identifed several environmental actors that osterresilience in kids# including the ollo$ing:
The presence o a multigenerational net$ork o riends# teachers# andrelatives during adolescence
0hurch attendance
>erner *+AB, also ound that the protective or resiliency actorsincluded the ollo$ing three clusters
o %verage intelligence and positive disposition attributes such asrobustness# vigor# and active and social temperament $ere cited asproviding resiliency or children
o %&ectionate ties $ith parental substitutes# such as teachers or othermentors help develop trust# autonomy# and initiative in children
o E8ternal support systems# such as churches# youth group# and schools#$hich re$arded competence and provided coherence or the youth
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
17/24
6ntroduces a variety o strategies that build assets or young people
There are )C developmental assets# divided into De8ternal assets andDinternal assets
o E8ternal assets " actors that surround young people $ith the support#empo$erment# boundaries# e8pectation# and opportunities that guide
them to behave in healthy $ays and to make $ise choiceo 6nternal assets " the commitments# values# competencies# and sel
perceptions that must be nurtured $ithin young people to provide them$ith Dinternal compasses to guide their behaviors and choices
The developmental assets emphasi9es the strength# not limitations# inpeople " young people as a resources# not as problems
?y building on strength and increasing the assets that have beenound to be associated $ith healthy# caring# responsible people# youngpeople $ill choose not to use drugs
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
18/24
Eternal !ssets
Support
F 'amily support " amily lie provide high levels o love support
G !ositive amily communication " positively communicate young
person is $illing to seek advice counsel rom parent
H Other adult relationship " receive support rom adults * or more,
I 0aring neighborhood
J 0aring school climate " caring encouraging environment
K !arent involvement in schooling
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
19/24
Eternal !ssets
Empoerment
L 0ommunity value youth
M ;outh as resources " given useul roles
N 2ervice to others
2aety " eel sae at home# school and in the neighborhood
Boundaries and E!pectations
⑪ 'amily boundaries " amily has clear rules and conse(uences# andmonitoring $hereabouts
⑫ 2chool boundaries " school provide clear rules and conse(uences
⑬ Peighborhood boundaries " neighbor take responsibility ormonitoring young people7s behavior
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
20/24
Eternal !ssets
Boundaries and E!pectations
⑭%dult role models " model positive and responsible behavior
⑮!ositive peer in1uence
⑯4igh e8pectation " encourage to do $ell *by parent teacher,
Constructive "se of #ime
⑰0reative activities " spends or more hours per $eek in creative
activities
⑱ ;outh programs " spends or more hours per $eek or sports# clubs#organi9ation in school community
⑲Religious community
⑳ Time at home
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
21/24
"nternal !ssets
Commitment to $earning
-+%chievement motivation " in school
--2chool engagement
-4ome$ork
-)?onding to school " care about school
-QReading or pleasure " or more hours per $eek
Positive %alues
-B0aring " places high value on helping others
-E(uality and social justice " places high value on promoting e(uality reducing hunger and poverty
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
22/24
"nternal !ssets
Positive %alues
-A6ntegrity " acts on convictions and stands up or his/her belies
-4onesty
CResponsibility " accepts and takes personal responsibility
+Restraint " believes it is important not to be se8ually active or to usealcohol or drugs
Social Competencies
-!lanning decision making " kno$s ho$ to plan ahead and make choices
6nterpersonal competence " has empathy# sensitivity# and riendship skills
)0ultural competence " has kno$ledge o and comort $ith people odi&erent cultural/racial/religious background
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
23/24
"nternal !ssets
Social Competencies
QResistance skills " can resist negative peer pressure and dangeroussituations
B!eaceul con1ict resolution " seeks to resolve con1ict nonviolently
Positive Identity
!ersonal po$er " eel he/she has control over Dthings that happen tome
A2elesteem
2ense o purpose " my lie has a purpose
)C!ositive vie$ o personal uture " optimistic about his/her personaluture
8/21/2019 K2 - 3 Risk & Protective
24/24
That’s All,Thanks
Recommended