View
216
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Ken B. JohmManager, Natural Resources and Environment
Management Division African Development Bank
Seventh Session of the Committee on Food Security and Sustainable Development
&The Experts Segment of the Africa Regional Preparatory Conference for the
United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20)
PRESENTATION OUTLINEObjectives and approachKey messagesNew and Emerging Challenges
Issues, Challenges, Actions taken
Opportunities Recommendations
OBJECTIVES AND APPROACH Synopsis on New and Emerging
Challenges The intent is to highlight
Challenges and opportunities Avenues to address challenges and harness
opportunities presented by challenges
Basis: global literature; will be complemented by detailed regional reports
NEW AND EMERGING CHALLENGESThe new and emerging challenges
addressed are:Biodiversity and ecosystem loss,Climate change,Water scarcity,Food crisis, Desertification,Energy crisis,Youth unemployment and Financial and economic crises
KEY MESSAGES Mixed progress towards achieving sustainable
development goals within the context of poverty reduction.
Some progress areas: Biodiversity protection Combating desertification Access to improved water sources Agricultural production Education
Emerging challenges - climate change, water scarcity, and the food, economic and financial crises - slowing down rate of progress
KEY MESSAGES Additional resources are required to
meet targets Coordinated and harmonized
approaches are necessary to focus efforts and avoid duplication
Integrated approaches and leveraging opportunities across sectors
Commitment needs to be reaffirmed Capacity is needed at various levels Effective monitoring of progress and
sharing of experiences are essential
BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEMS LOSSTARGET:
Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss
STATUS: Expanding agriculture Clearing of forests for fuel and agriculture Loss of wetland ecosystems (e.g. large systems
Lake Chad and Inner Niger Delta: loss > 80%ACHIEVEMENTS:
Increased protected areas 14% land area in Eastern and southern Africa
protected;10% in Central and West Africa; and 7% land area in North Africa
Increasing use of ESIAs More than 90% of African countries have NBSAPs
BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEMS LOSSCHALLENGES
Failure to achieve targets Adverse effects of Climate
change on habitats Failure to integrate
biodiversity with other sectors
Identifying and exploiting key inter-linkages e.g. with climate change, water and agriculture
OPPORTUNITIESIntegrated
approachesGreen Economy
strategyCC adaptation and
mitigation programs
WATER SCARCITYSTATUS:
Mixed progress Access to safe water remains < 60% in over 20 countries
with deterioration of access levels in 20 countries Low level of water resources development and
infrastructure limitations Average per capita storage <100m3/yr compared to >1,
000m3/yr in developed countries. Increasing (physical and economic) water scarcityACHIEVEMENTS: >90% access in more than 13% African countries More than 15% of African countries achieved MDG1 by 2008 Promotion of integrated water resources development and
river basin / watershed management plans Water and Sanitation Trust Fund established Water for African Cities Programme addressing urban water
crisis Facilitation of IWRM by the GWP; by 2006, over 70% African
countries implementing IWRM plans
WATER SCARCITY
57.2%0.8%
0.3%
4.5%
9.6%
18.6%
8.9%Irrigation Urban RuralMining & Industrial Power AfforestationTransfers out
Economic water scarcity in SSA – need resources to develop infrastructure
Many competing uses
Agricultural is largest user (e.g. South Africa)
WATER SCARCITYCHALLENGES:
Water resources management Potential adverse impact of
Climate change on water quantity and quality
Water quality degradation due to anthropogenic effects and industrial activities such as mining
Weak and fragmented institutions
Poor technical and financial capacity
Inadequate political and financial support.
Effective integration / harmonization with other sectors
OPPORTUNITIES Relevance of water
interventions for other sectors (energy, agriculture, environment)
Relevance for delivery of MDGs
Inter-linkages with other sectors
Energy Climate change
adaptation measures Agriculture Biodiversity
FOOD CRISIS STATUS:
Mixed results for MDG1: some progress, but more work ahead
Highest under-nourishment among all regions Nearly 240 million people in SSA undernourished Increasing proportion of undernourishment in other
countries Food crisis slowing down progress for MDG1
ACHIEVEMENTS Achievement of MG1 by some - the Congo, Ghana,
Mali, and Nigeria Considerable progress in others – e.g. Mozambique
FOOD CRISIS: AchievementsIncreased yields and agricultural growth through increased investments in agricultural R&D
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
1971 1981 1991 2001 2008
To
tal s
pe
nd
ing
(m
illio
n P
PP
$)
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
FT
E R
es
ea
rch
ers
agriculture R&D spending Total FTE researchers
Several countries have passed target; others making progress
FOOD CRISISCHALLENGES
Persistent high food prices
Market weaknesses Low productivity and
water efficiency Adverse impact of Climate
change on crop yields Increasing water scarcity Global economic and
financial crises New challenges
competition for land and water resources
Trade-offs between cash and food crops
Emerging land dynamics
OPPORTUNITIES Commercial agriculture
and improved farming systems
Capacity building as medium to long term response
Broader opportunities from investments in water infrastructure
ENERGY: Electrification rateSTATUS:Low rate of electrification in SSA. High dependence on charcoal and wood for
cooking, heating water, and heating homes → a threat to forest resources
0
40
80
120
Overall Urban Rural
ele
ctr
ific
ati
on
ra
te (
%)
Africa North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa
ENERGY: Some Actions Formulation of the Programme for Infrastructure
Development in Africa (PIDA)
Investments in hydropower – Inga hydropower plant in the DRC; capacity of 39,000 MW
and potential for regional interconnected electricity network
Bujagali power plant in Uganda Itezhi-tezhi hydropower plant in Zambia, a PPP project
Regional urban and peri-urban electrification in the EAC
Investments in solar and wind energy – South Africa, Kenya, Egypt, Cape Verde and the Sahel
ENERGYCHALLENGES
Energy security Access to appropriate
energy services in rural communities
Environmental impacts of adoption of alternatives to fossil fuels.
Inadequate resources Barriers: Economic,
regulatory and institutional
Lack of technical capacity
Slow rate of adoption of new technologies
OPPORTUNITIES New partnerships and
new windows of investment.
Opportunities linked to the adoption of renewable energy options
Review of policiesPursue ways to
remove barriersOpportunities for
skills development, enhancing employment opportunities
DESERTIFICATIONSTATUS:
Most countries have formulated NAPs Implementation and elaboration process of the
NAPs in some countries By 2007, 42 countries had developed and
adopted NAPs Some countries have set up National
Desertification Funds as part of the NAP process
4 Sub-regional Action Programmes finalized
DESERTIFICATION: Actions takenInitiative /
programObjectives
The NEPAD Environment Initiative (EI)
Combating desertification Finalizing sub-regional action plans for the
NEPAD Environment Initiative
The Green Wall for the Sahara Initiative
To slow the advance of the Sahara Desert Control land degradation, promote integrated
natural resources management, Conserve biological diversity
African Monitoring of Environment for Sustainable Development (AMESD)
Environmental Monitoring
GEF OP15 SLM program Supporting activities to combat desertification and mitigate drought impacts.
Supporting the implementation of UNCCD and SLM
DESERTIFICATIONCHALLENGES
Slow and ineffective process of integrating NAPs into NDPs and PRSPs
Limited progress in implementing NAPs due to
Failure to integrate desertification control plans into planning and budgetary frameworks
Lack of capacity Lack of resources
Poverty Levels
OPPORTUNITIESIntegrated action:
leverage climate change and biodiversity initiatives
CLIMATE CHANGEInter-linkages with all sectors; impacts on all
areas on developmentIncreasing frequency of droughts and floods resulting
in destruction of infrastructure, crops, land cover, settlements
Loss of runoff, reduced river flow, limited groundwater recharge
Water stress; limited hydropower productionSalinization of groundwater and surface water
resources due to sea encroachment increasing pressure on water supply infrastructure
Increased burden of diseases with changing patternsChanges in agro-ecological zones
CLIMATE CHANGE: Some ActionsEstablishment of the ClimDev Africa ProgramThe Green Economy StrategyJICA, IDRC and DFID programmes on Climate
Change Adaptation in Africa Ratification and implementation of the UNFCCC by
African countries Preparation of NAPAsLaunching of the Nairobi Framework in 2006 by
UNDP, UNEP, World Bank Group, AfDB, and the UNFCCC
Implementation of Programmes under the Climate Investment Funds( PPCR, FIP, CTF,SREP)
Global Environment Facility country allocations
CLIMATE CHANGECHALLENGES
Resources to adequately address impacts of CC
Lack of technology and know-how
Low adaptive capacity to climate related stresses
Unintended impacts of mitigation and adaptation measures
OPPORTUNITIES Climate smart and
sustainable agriculture Improved crop varieties Sustainable land and
water management Use of renewable
energy and improved energy efficiency
Fuel efficient polluting public transportation
Maintaining ecosystems and biodiversity protection
GLOBAL FINANCIAL & ECONOMIC CRISES ISSUES:
Growth slowdown in Africa is a result of declining trade flows
Decline in capital inflows and remittances Declining tourism receipts Economic down turn in 2009; slow
recovery from 2010 The economy showed signs of recovery in
2010, with growth of 2.4%, and is expected to grow by 5% in 2011
Impacts have been varied across countries – commodities vs agricultural economies
Loss of jobs across all sectors
GLOBAL FINANCIAL & ECONOMIC CRISES
CHALLENGES:Rising costs of
implementing public programs
Rising costs of basic commodity imports
Negative impacts on the countries ability to achieve MDGs.
Job losses Missed commitments
OPPORTUNITIESNew realistic
assessments of resources required
Benefits of integrated actions
Leveraging opportunities
Coordination and Harmonization
YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENTISSUES:
Africa’s youthful population: percentage of youth has increased to about 20%.
The labour markets have not increased at similar pace
Other contributors to youth unemployment:
Skills mismatches between the outputs of the education systems and the needs of business
General shortage of ‘decent work’ Global financial and economic crises
YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT: Some Actions Investments in education Skills training programs Public sector work programmes in
Ethiopia and South Africa designed to absorb the unemployed
Business skills training Micro-credits to start businesses Ethiopia’s Technical and Vocational
Education and Training (TVET) to make the educational system responsive market needs
YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENTCHALLENGES
Improving skills of the youth
Meeting the quality needs of education
Job-less economic growth
The right incentives Imports and impact
on domestic businesses
OPPORTUNITIESYouth as future
skilled labourIncreasing targeted
technical and vocational training
Skill development links to job market
MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATIONCHALLENGES:
Lack of Harmonization
Inadequate resources Low and declining
flows of ODA and FDI Complex institutional
structures Inadequate capacity Engagement of the
private sector
OPPORTUNITIES:New institutionsRenewed
commitmentInter-linkagesClimate change
interventions
RECOMMENDATIONSIdentify opportunities for inter-linkages and
enhance leveraging to speed up responding to challenges and to improve efficiency of use of resources
Increase the effective use of available financial resources and enhance partnerships to achieve development goals
Generate new public and private sources of finance
Improve the capacity for implementing and monitoring national policies
Create opportunities for the coordination of implementation mechanisms at lower operational levels
RECOMMENDATIONSPromote, facilitate and finance appropriate access to
and the development, transfer and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies including renewable energy
Increase use of information and communication technologies to enhance effective communication and information sharing
Expedite activities and enhance decision making at lower levels to improve land and water management
Mainstream climate change into national planning to build resilience and support transformation to greener economy
Increase investment and improve inputs to ensure increased yields and productivity in the agriculture sector
THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION
Recommended