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Kingdom PlantaeDescended from Chlorophyta
Green AlgaePlant-like Protists
Generalized Phylogenetic Relationship:
Chlorophyta Bryophyta Seedless Vascular Plants
Gymnosperms Angiospems
NOTE:You should be acutely aware of the phylogenetic
progression from water to land in plants.Green Algae – live in freshwaterBryophyta – non-vascular plants so they are very
small in size & live in moist environments Seedless vascular plants – ferns
Still reside in moist, cooler environmentsWaxy covering protects from desiccation
Gymnosperms (naked seeds) – Confers bear cones
Angiosperms (Covered seeds) – fruits & flowers
Chlorophytes
Chlorophyta Life Cycle
Chlorophyta Life Cycle NotesNote the long time spent in the Haploid
portion of the life cycle
Mature cells are HAPLOID
Gametes develop from mature cells when conditions are less desirable
Opposite mating types pair off & cling together causing gamete fusion (syngamy)
BryophytesFirst terrestrial autotrophs
BryophytesFirst land plants – evolved from ChlorophytesConcerned with water loss since not living in
water anymore2 Adaptations to deal with water retention
Waxy cuticle coverGametes packaged in structures called gametangia Male gametangia called antheridia Female gametangia called archegonium Gametangia provide a protected structure for
fertilization and development of the zygote
Bryophytes (page 2)Nonvascular plant
The lack of vascularity & flagellated sperm = dependence on water
Bryophytes live in damp areasMosses, liverworts, and hornwortsSpend the majority of their life in the haploid
gametophyte stage
Rhizoids anchor the gametophyteLong single tubular cellsDoes not absorb water or nutrients like roots
do
Bryophyte Life Cycle
QuestionsWhat is the phylogenetic progression in
plants?
Chlorophyta is in which Kingdom?
What is the male gametangia called?
What is the female gametangia called?
Seedless Vascular PlantsKeep in Mind the transition from water to
land as we progress through the rest of the phylogenetic relationships in plants.
Xylem & Phloem – Plant vascularityXylem transports water throughout the plant
and takes minerals from the soil to the photosynthetic areas of plants
Phloem transports sugar and nutrients to the various plant structures
Vascularity developed as plants needed to be tall for photosynthesis, but also needed to uptake water & nutrients from the soil
Evolutionary Changes1. Gametophyte Sporophyte as the
dominant generation of the life cycle2. Development of branched sporophytes –
increases the number of spores produced3. The dominant generation is the sporophyte
in seedless vascular plants (Have I said this enough?)
Hetero vs. HomoMajor Seedless plants are ferns
Ferns are homosporousHomosporous means single spore production
that gives rise to bisexual gametophytesHeterosporous – 2 spore types
Some produce male gametophyte (microspores)
Some produce female gametophytes (macrospores)
Seedless Plants Life Cycle
Seed PantsGymnosperms vs AngiospermsGymnosperms
3 Major evolutionary changes in gymnosperms Further decrease in prominence of the gametophyte
generation Pollination Evolution of the seed (Duh!)
Seed Plants ContinuedSeeds
Package that contains an embryo Provides protection for the developing embryoAlso contains nutrition for the embryo
HeterosporousSperm is transported through pollenNot all have pollen, some have motile sperm
Conifers – produce reproductive structures called conesPine trees, firs, cedars, & redwoodsEvergreens & survive well in dry environments
From Ovule to seed
Gymnosperm Life Cycle
AngiospermsFruits & Flowers (there is a joke here
somewhere!)
Most numerous plant division2 Major classes- Monocots & Dicots
Monocots have 1 cotyledon (structure that nourishes the developing plant)
Dicots have 2 cotyledonsXylem adaptations
Gymnosperms = tracheid cells, but angiosperms have vessel elements (more efficient)
Flowers
Flower structuresMale
Stamen – male structure composed of anther that produces pollen
FemaleCarpel – consists of ovary, style, and stigma
Stigma is the sticky part that receives the pollen Style is the pathway to the ovary
Petals – structures that serve to attract pollinators
Angiosperm Life Cycle
Major Evolutionary trendsDominant sporophyte generation to
gametophyte generationNonvascular VascularSeedless SeedsMotile sperm pollenNaked seeds seeds in flowers
Kingdom FungiHeterotrophic & EukaryoticImportant in the ecosystem as decomposersCell walls composed of chitin
Extracellular digestion of food by hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the fungus, then the nutrients are absorbed into the fungus’s body by diffusion
Yeast, Mold, & Mushrooms
Fungal Morphology
FungiBuilt from filamentous structures called
hyphaeHyphae form meshes of branching
filamentous structures called myceliumMycelium absorbs food for the fungus Two basic types of fungi
Those with septae (divide hyphae filaments into different compartments
Those without septae (coenocytic)
Hyphal septae
Fungal life CyclePredominantly haploid
Questions1. Most fungi are autotrophic – True/False?
2. Most fungi are unicellular or multicellular?
3. What is the different about coenocytic fungi?
4. What is the cell wall component in fungi?
5. Fungus life cycle is predominantly haploid or diploid?
Fugus Amongus1. Zygomycota
-- Coencytic & land-dwelling-- Bread mold-- Reproduce sexually
2. Basidiomycota-- Club-shaped -- Decompose wood
Zygomycota
Basidiomycota-- The mushroom-like structure is the basidiocarp
-- Basidiocarp is an elaborate fruiting body used for sexual reproduction
Fungus Amongus3. Ascomycota
SaprobicPart of lichens – symbiotic association with
green algae or cyanobacteria Fungus provides protection and provides water to
the algae Algae provides the food (sugar from photosynthesis)
AscomycotaLichens
Lichen Anatomy
Molds & YeastsGeneral descriptions of fungi
MoldsAsexual & quick growingDeuteromycota – imperfect fungi
YeastsUnicellular fungiCandida – causes yeast infections in humans
Candidiasis
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