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Mengenai maksud sorotan literatur danmenjelaskan kepentingannya.
Dapat mengenalpasti bahan rujukan yang
sesuai untuk membuat sorotan literatur Mengetahui langkah-langkah untuk
memulakan sorotan literatur
Menulis sorotan literatur
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Is like a summary of all the
other researches that have thesame topic interest
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Ringkasan penulisan daripada rujukan
Menjelaskan maklumat semasa dan selepas kajian
Disusunkan menjadi tajuk-tajuk Laporan bahan rujukan berdasarkan tema atau kajian
individu
Dokumen yang diperlukan untuk melaksanakan kajian
anda Mengkaji kajian-kajian berkaitan bagi mengenalpasti
sejauh mana sesuatu masalah yang diminati telah
dikaji.
Meninjau semula sesuatu sumber bahan bertulis,termasuk laporan-laporan hasil kajian yang lepas
yang telah dilakukan sebelum ini.
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is a body of text that aims to review thecritical points of current knowledge on aparticular topic.
Literature reviews are secondary sources,
and as such, do not report any new ororiginal experimental work.
Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up todate with current literature on a topic and
forms the basis for another goal, such asfuture research that may be needed in thearea.
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Aliran idea yang logik
Gaya rujukan yang sesuai, semasa, relevan
dengan konsisten
Penggunaan istilah yang sesuai
Tidak bias dan pandangan yang
komprehensif daripada kajian yang lepas
Sorotan literatur yang baik mempunyai ciri-ciri:
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"a literature review uses as its database reports of
primary or original scholarship, and does not report new
primary scholarship itself.
The primary reports used in the literature may be verbal,
but in the vast majority of cases reports are written
documents. The types of scholarship may be empirical,
theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological in nature.
Second a literature review seeks to describe, summarize,
evaluate, clarify and/or integrate the content of primaryreports".
According to Cooper (1988)
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Bersesuaian dengan matlamat penyelidikansaintifik untuk mengukuhkan teori dalam sesuatubidang dengan sama ada mengesahkan hipotesisatau mengenepikan hipotesis yang belumdipastikan kesahihannya.
Elemen terpenting dalam sesuatu kajian.
Seharusnya relevan dengan permasalahan kajian.
Mengapa Perlu?
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1. Meluaskan asas pengetahuan dalam sesuatu bidang
penyelidikan yang dibuat.2. Penyelidik boleh mengetahui makna pemboleh ubah
yang dikaji.3. Untuk tujuan menerangkan masalah tentang kajian
yang ingin dilakukan.4. Untuk membuat justifikasi tentang kepentingan kajian
iaitu mengapa kajian tersebut perlu dijalankan.5. Memperbaiki kaedah penyelidikan6. Dapat memberi perbandingan antara kajian yang
sebelum dengan kajian penyelidik iaitu sama ada
terdapat persamaan atau perbezaan antara pembolehubah yang dikaji7. Membolehkan pengkaji membuat cadangan secara
teoritikal dan cadangan pada masa akan datang.
Tujuan Sorotan Kajian
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Menerang dan menjelaskan latar belakang masalah, mengenal pasti
dan menyatakan masalah.
Membolehkan penyelidik menentukan sejauh mana sesuatu bidang
telah dikaji
Memahami teori bidang kajian:
Memberi perspektif terhadap penyelidikan Membolehkan penilaian secara objektif, teratur dan rasional ke
atas penyelidikan.
Mempelajari kaedah dan teknik yang sesuai untuk menyelesaikan
masalah, dan mengenal pasti alat-alat kajian
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Boleh mengelak pengulangan kesilapan pada penyelidikan
terdahulu, dan mengelak pengulangan kajian yang tidakdikehendaki.
Membantu menganalisis dan mentafsir dapatan supaya lebih
bermakna dan berkesan: membiasakan diri dengan teori sesuatu
disiplin.
Menunjukkan kebolehan, keupayaan dan pengetahuan penyelidikdalam bidang yang dikaji
Membantu menganalisis dan mentafsir dapatan supaya lebih
bermakna dan berkesan: membiasakan diri dengan teori sesuatu
disiplin.
Menunjukkan kebolehan, ke
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Meningkatkan pemahaman tentang teori terkinidalam bidang yang dikaji
Menjelaskan latar belakang masalah yang dikaji
Mendedahkan kepada kaedah dan teknik
penyelidikan Membantu mengelakkan daripada mengulangi
kelemahan dan kesilapan
Membantu mentafsir dapatan kajian
Membantu meningkatkan kewibawaan dalamdisiplin ilmu yang dikaji
Membantu meningkatkan keyakinan dan motivasipenyelidik
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Documents the importance of the researchproblem at the beginning of the study
Supports the theory or explanation used in
the study Provides an explanation for the results in
other studies and in the theoreticalprediction at the end of the study
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Mengandungi makalah hasil penyelidikan,
penemuan terbaharu, kertas konsep, kertas
dasar.. Sumber utama penyelidik berpengalaman
untuk mengetahui perkembangan terkini
Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities
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ERIC (Educational Research Information Centre)
PsycINFO
Sociofile
Social Science Citation Index
Dissertation Abstracts
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Encyclopedia of Educational Research and Studies
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Research books in the libraries. Some of these
materials have a dedicated part in their structure
leading to a summarized form of research results. You
may see this part right after the dissertation
methodology.
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look for published thesismaterials of other
students. They will also have the literature
review section but that is not what you should be
using. Instead, use the main documents of theresearch owners as your review resource.
Always make sure that you reference each and
every factual claim they have presented in the
paper.
Thesis
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Try to look for a dissertation help online. There
are so many custom paper services availablewhich can give you free examples of literature
research parts. Aside from requesting for
examples, you may actually place an order for a
complete dissertation.
Dissertation
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The Review of Educational Research
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Panduan tidak berjilid kurang daripada 50 ms.
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e-journals
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1. Kata kunci - Identify key terms key-words (katakunci)
2. Lokasi - Locate literature - cari bahan bertulis yangterkini berkaitan dengan apa yang hendak dikaji.
3. Nilai - Critically evaluate and select the literature -baca abstrak /ringkasan untuk menentukankesesuaian bahan
4. Kenal pasti: objektif, tujuan, kaedah kajian, dapatan,perbincangan, kesimpulan & implikasi.
5. Susun - Organize the literature6. Tulis - Write a review - buat rumusan sorotan kajian
lepas untuk membentuk masalah kajian.
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Write a preliminary working title for theproject and select two or three key wordsthat capture the essence of the project
Pose a short general research question that
you would like to answer in the study Look in a thesaurus of terms to find words
that match your topic
Scan the contents in your library stacks andthe table of contents of educational journals
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Is it a good accurate source?
National journal? Reviewed source? Research study?
Is the source worthy of inclusion? Topic relevance:Is the literature on the same topic as yourproposed study?
Individual and site relevance: Does the literature examinethe same individuals and sites you want to study?
Problem relevance: Does the literature examine the sameresearch problem as you propose in your study?
Accessibility relevance: Is the literature available in yourlibrary or can it be downloaded from a Web site?
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Identify key terms for the topic and put them atthe top of the map
Sort studies into topical areas or families ofstudies
Provide a label for each box which will become aheading for the review
Develop the map on as many levels as possible
Draw a box toward the bottom of the figure thatsays my proposed study
Draw lines connecting the proposed study withother branches of the literature
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Use consistent style manual approach End-of-text references
Within-text references
Tables/figures
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Possible
Improvements
Martin, Rohrlich ,
1991; Stachowski ,
1991
The Need for Teaching Programs
to Be Culturally Responsive
Bennett, 1995; Eastman,
Smi th, 1991; Gr ant 1994; Noel, 1995
Study Abroad
Programs
Attitudes Toward
Study Abroad
King, Young,1994
Personal Insights
of Preservice Teachers
Fr iesen, Kang
McDougall , 1995;
Mahan, Stachowski , 1991
Personal Insights
of Preservice
Teachers
Cockrel l, Placier,
Cockrell , M iddleton,
1999; Goodwin, 1997;
Kea, Bacon, 1999
Predominately English
Speaking Cultures
Mahan, Stachowski , 1990;
Quinn, Barr, McKay,
Jarchow, Powell , 1995;
Vall, Tenn ison, 1992
Need for Further Study:
Non-English Speaking Cultures
Question: Do shor t-term study
abroad programs in non-English
speaking cul tur es help create
cul tur al responsiveness in
preservi ce teachers?
ConventionalPrograms
Colville-Hall,
Macdonald,
Smoll en, 1995;
Rodriguez, Sjostrom,
1995; Vavrus, 1994
Cross-Cultural
Programs
Cooper, Beare,
Thorman, 1990;
Larke, Wiseman,
Br adley, 1990
U.S.
Programs
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U.S. Programs
Study Abroad
Programs
Attitudes Toward
Study Abroad
(King, Young 1994)
Personal Insights of
Preservice Teachers
(Friesen, Kang,
McDougall, 1995)
Predominately EnglishSpeaking Cultures
(Mahan, Stachowski,
1990)
Cross-Cultural
Programs
(Cooper, Beare,
Thorman, 1990)
Personal Insights
of PreserviceTeachers (Cockrell,
Placier, Cockrell,
Milleton, 1999
Need for Further Study: Non-English Speaking Cultures
Question: Do short term study abroad programs in non-English
speaking cul tures help create cul tural responsiveness in preservice teachers?
Conventional
Programs
Colville-Hall,
Macdonald, Smolen,
1995)
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Susun secara sistematik. Secara kronologi. Perincian tajuk dan penerangan isi ikut
urutan logik. Susun daripada umum kepada khusus. Susun dapatan mengikut tema/tajuk,
bincangkan dapatan yang menyokong danyang berlawanan serta rumuskan dapatan
tersebut supaya boleh dikaitkan dengankajian yang dibuat.
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Mencatat masalah atau isu yang menjadi asas kajian
Mengenalpasti perbincangan meliputi konsep-konsep utama, teori, dan model berkaitan.
Kekuatan dan kelemahan reka bentuk kajian darisegi kaedah, instrumen, persampelan, pengumpulandata, analisis data, dapatan dan tafsiran dapatan.
Maklumat pengarang, tarikh, tajuk, penerbit, tempatditerbitkan, petikan, muka surat dan sumberdicatatkan dengan tepat dan jelas.
Berhenti apabila dirasakan sudah mencukupi
(sorotan literatur sebagai sebahagian proses,bukannya hasil penyelidikan)
Teknik..
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flow of ideas yang logik.
Rujukan semasa dan relevan dengan gaya yangkonsisten dan bersesuaian.
Penggunaan terminologi yang sesuai.
Tidak bias dan pandangan yang konprehensifterhadap tajuk kajian yang lepas.
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Writing a LiteratureReview:
Types of Reviews
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Literature documents the theme identified byresearcher
No study discussed in detail
eg.Assessment for learning is based on a student-involved approach to classroom assessment andhas been well documentedby Guskey (2003),Stiggins (2002, 2001), and others.
Thematic Review
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Detailed review of each study
Studies grouped by themes
Summaries linked by transitional sentences
Eg.
Black and Wiliam (1998) proposedthat formativeassessment was an essential component ofclassroom assessment based on the assumptionthat improved student learning is ultimately the
responsibility of classroom teachers.
Study-by-study review
Cit ti
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To citeis simply to refer to someone's work in some way, naming oneor more of their publications
A citation refers, then, to the factof referring to an author or their
work. The reasonsfor referring to other authors relate more to
attribution, and may reflect a need both to recognise other writers'
work and to call upon their authority to support your own argument.
Example
Hefe, Altheide & Johnson (1994)
Cite specific works by 3 authors:
"Works and criteria suggested by Dingwall (1992), Hammersley
(1990) and Guba (1990) have been particularly helpful"
The writers make no direct evaluative and interpretive commentsabout Dingwall et al. They don't attributeany particular findings or
opinions to them; they simply citetheir work.
Citation
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To attributean idea is to publicly associate an author
with a particular opinion, finding or actual statement
(perhaps quoted).
In the examples given below, we can see not only the
association of authors and ideas, but the strength orcharacter of that association:
Examples:
Attributing an idea and an attitude:Henderson (1969) arguesthat universities are the
guardians of intellectual freedom and the search for truth.
Attribution
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Contoh artikel asal yang akan digunakan untuk
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Contoh artikel asal yang akan digunakan untuk
membuat sorotan literatur (quotation dan paraphrase)
Malaysias version of the national service is likely to be milder than
that of the South Korean model. This is because Malaysias aims
are different. The prospective trainees should look forward eagerly
to the training being provided as this will help in building up their
character and the will be mentally better prepared to face the future.
It will also be a good thing if the graduate with a greater sense ofloyalty in serving the country and their responsibilities as good
citizens. But most importantly, national service help promote racial
peace and harmony and the understanding to live as one people.
Racial discord is the biggest threat to Malaysias peace and stability
and this can destroy all the good work of years of independence.Without racial understanding, all will be last.
Adapted from The Star, 14thNovember 2002, pg. 12.
Article written by: VK Chin
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Active Form:Chin (2002) suggeststhat the most important aspect of nationalservice is that ithelps promote racial peace And harmony and the
understanding to live as one people.
Passive Form:It is suggestedthat national service is important becauseithelps promote racial peace and harmony and the understanding
to live as one people. (Chin, 2002)
Quotation
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Quotation
Teachers will need to change their role in the electronic
classroom from being information provides to counselors tohelp students develop know how and judgment to select
information sources. Key success in the Information Age
will be making the right judgments between awesome
array of choices
(Tun Mahathir Mohamed, 1996)
(Perenggan yang menjelaskan cabaran semasa pendidikan abad ke-21 yang
menekankan kepada perubahan peranan guru)..Tun Mahathir dalam
ucapannya ketika melancarkan MSC dua belas tahun yang lalu.
(Perenggan selepasnya adalah membincangkan idea yang lain tetapi
berkaitan dengan perenggan di atas pastikan continuity idea daripada
peranggan ke peranggan berterusan..
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Active Form:
Chin (2002)suggests that the most important aspect of national service isthat it can help enhance racial unity and thus help the people of Malaysia to
live as one nation.
Paraphrase
Berdasarkan artikel yang dibaca,sorotan literatur boleh dilakukan dalam bentuk paraphrase
Passive Form:
It is suggestedthat the most important aspect of national service is that itcan help enhance racial unity and thus help the people of Malaysia to live
as one nation. (Chin, 2002).
Theme: opening the sentence:
Theme position means the first word in the sentence. Whatever is placed there is what
you are talking about & has some importance in the sentence. Putting authors here
gives them far more significance than just putting them in brackets at the end of the
sentence.
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Reported speech is simply the words of the author taken outof quotation marks and put intoa reported form.
These are either verbatim statements (i.e. exact original
wording) or they are a close paraphrase;
e.g.'Marx said that ... - the rest is either verbatim or closely
paraphrased.The general rule with reported speech is to turn everything
into the past tense. This is commonly seen injournalism,
when live speech is regularly turned into the next day's news
story.
Note:Since academic texts tend always to be regarded as
'live' documents, it is common to find the presenttense used;
e.g.:
'Henderson (1969) statesthat ...'.
Reported Speech
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The opening of the Methods section is the usual place for
more detailed reference to other researchers' use of your
methodology. Take the following example, where the writer
states her intention to 'build on the previous research':
"In order to build on the previous research and extend it to
reflect the widespread use of process-oriented ESL
composition pedagogy, the present study applies the
methodology usedby Cohen (1987) and McCurdy(1992)". (Ferris, 1995)
Methods
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More usually, you will be reporting that, at a general
level, your findings confirmwhat many other academics
have found.
Eg:"...like earlier studies of L2 students' reactions to their
teachers' feedback (Hedgecock & Lewkowicz, 1994;
McCurdy, 1992), this study showed that ESL writingstudents in general take their teachers' feedback quite
seriously and pay a lot of attention to it". (Ferris, 1995)
Results & Interpretation
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This is the section of a report where you interpretyour findings. In both
these cases, e.g., the findings seem to confirm the hypothesis of other
researchers:
"This (finding) impliesthat strategy training can be incorporated early - asour study shows, even at a pre-intermediate level - in an L2 teaching syllabus,which is in accordance with Savignon's original recommendation". (Dornyei,
1995).
or
"...like earlier studies of L2 students reactions to their teachers'
feedback (Hedgecock & Lewkowicz, 1994; McCurdy, 1992), this study
showedthat ESL writing students in general take their teachers'feedback quite seriously and pay a lot of attention to it". (Ferris, 1995)
Discussion
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You may have included Interpretation in your Results section, or
delay it to a Discussion section. A 'General Discussion' section
allows you to relate your findings back to the wider literature, notably
to the work of other researchers mentioned in your Introduction.
Eg:
"It is also interesting to note that the results yielded by this studyparallel those reported by both Santos (1988) and Vann et al (1984)
in two ways. First, in terms of relative severity of error types,
professors in all three studies considered errors of word order and
relative clause to be among the most serious ... . Second, all threestudies found that faculty in the Social Sciences were the most
tolerant of non-native-speaker writing errors in general".
(Janopoulos, 1992: 116)
General Discussion
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Contoh lain:
Arter and McTighe (2001) also agreewith instructionalbenefits in teachers using more generic rubrics and inteaching students to use them as well. From a similarperspective, Bruce (2001) proposed that self-
assessment is a way to operationalize the current focuson standards-based assessment.
Some experts viewpeer-assessment as a strategy onits own, but more often it is seen to be complementaryto self-assessment (Black, Harrison, Lee, Marshall &Wiliam, 2004). Atau (Black, et. al, 2004)
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Kata kunci dalam penulisan
sorotan literatur yang boleh
digunakan semasa andamenulis
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Examine - memeriksa
Min-Zhan Lu (1992) has examinedthe differences between ... L1
composition pedagogies ... (Severino, 1993)
Address - ????
Kuno (1992) specifically addressedthe distribution of these two
particles and concludes that ...
Develop - membentuk
Maltz and Borker (1982) developedlists of what they described
as men's and women's features of language. (Pennycook, 1993)
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use [X to do Y]menggunakan x untuk menyatakan yBarone (1989; 1993), for example, has usededucational criticism to
focus attention on how schools fail to meet the needs of underachieving
students. (Flinders & Eisner, 1994)
Stress - menekankan
In 1970, Foucault began to stressthe connection between reason
and power. (Poster, 1994)
Suggest - mencadangkan
Lakoff's pioneering work suggestedthat womens' speech typically
displayed a range of features ... which marked it as inferior and weak.(Pennycook, 1994)
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Propose - mencadangkan
Sheetz-Brunetti and Johnson (1983) have proposedthe
use of simple diagrams ... to teach ESL compositions skills
...
Argue - bersetuju
Mies arguesthat the domestication ... of women in the
metropolitan nations is dependent on the exploitation of the
Third World. (1986)
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Demonstrating a Case
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Demonstrate - ???As Tollefson (1989) demonstrates, it is often the case that U.S.
policies ... have contributed to their immigration to the U.S. in the first
place [Severino, 1993]
Show - menunjukkan
Meyer's research (1975) has shownthat the hierarchical content
structure of a text plays an important role in reading
comprehension. (Carrell, 1987)
Johnson et al (1985) showedthat on average there was actually
more Cantonese spoken than English ... (Bruce, 1990)
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Percaya
Berkata
Menurut Abdul Shukor (2005).
De Vries (2002) memberipenekanan..
Arfan (20010mendapati
Menjelaskan
Mencadangkan
Membangunkan
Solomon (2003
menyatakan
BentukAktif
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Referencesusually come at the end of a text (essay or
research report) and should contain only those workscited within the text.
Bibliographyis any list of references at the end of a text,
whether cited or not. It includes texts you made use of, notonly texts you referred to in your paper, but your own
additional background reading, and any other articles you
think the reader might need as background reading.
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Both Refs. & Bibliog. must be in alphabetical order; and
each entry must be laid out in a strictly ordered sequence.
Examples:
Cuba, L. (1988)A Short Guide to Writing in the SocialSciences. London: Scott Foresman.
Friedman, S. & S. Steinberg (1989) Writing and thinking
in the Social Sciences. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall
References vs Bibliography .
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Plagiarism
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Plagiarism is usually conceived - at least in western
academic communities - as the theft of intellectualproperty, either by:
The unattributed copying of another person's words
and/or The unacknowledged appropriation ('taking') of their
ideas.
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Students who have problems studying and
writing in a foreign language tend simply
to rely too heavily on the words and ideas ofthe writers they read.
What is plagiarism?....
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Academics tend to see their ideas and words are the 'toolsof their trade', which help define their professional identity.
But they also continually 'borrow' each other's language
and ideas - like borrowing clothes. So, they have
developed the custom of publicly acknowledging whosewords - whose 'clothes' -they have borrowed. You failure to
do this is often interpreted by teachers as pretending the
words or ideas are yours, and is therefore seen as a
crime. In this sense, it is seen as a socialcrime, adishonest attempt to claim authorship of others'words or ideasfor yourself.
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A theoretical framework is a collection ofinterrelated concepts, like a theory but not
necessarily so well worked-out. A
theoretical framework guides your research,determining what things you will measure,
and what statistical relationships you will
look for.
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The theoretical framework of the study is a
structure that can hold or support a theory of aresearch work. It presents the theory which
explains why the problem under study exists.
Thus, the theoretical framework is but a
theory that serves as a basis for
conducting research.
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Purpose: It helps the researcher see clearly the variables of
the study;
It can provide him with a general framework for data
analysis;
It is essential in preparing a research proposal using
descriptive and experimental methods
For example:
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Media Organization, Selection, and Production. McQuails
theory on media as an institution takes into account all forces
that affect medias performance. (After: Littlejohn, 1992)
Basic theory 1
Thesis examines the gatekeeping, news selection and reportage of world
news in leading Philippine dailies and primetime newscasts.
For example:
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Basic theory 2
Selective Gatekeeping. Galtung and Ruge selective gatekeeping
theory suggests that news from around the world are evaluated using
news values to determine their newsworthiness. (After Mc Quail and
Windahl 1993, p. 166)
For example:
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Basic theory 3
Model of the Agenda Setting Theory. Malcolm McCombs and Donald
Shaws theory simply states that the issues given most attention by the
media will be perceived as the most important. (Before: McQuail and
Windahl 1993)
For example:
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Combined theory
Integrated Theoretical Framework. The integrated theoretical
framework shows how media content is shaped by pressures to the
media organization, selective gatekeeping and agenda setting.
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