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7/30/2019 Lect22HydroPower2-2012 [Compatibility Mode]
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Hydro PowerLecture 2
Sergio CaparedaBAEN, TAMU
HydraulicRam
Theenergystoredinwaterdescendingfromacomparativelylowelevationisutilizedtoraisepartof
thesamewatertoamuchhigherlevelvaryingfrom
220timestheheightoftheoriginalfall.
Inventedin1796byJosephMichaelMontgolfier
Oneofthesimplest,mostdurable,efficientwater
raisingmachines
for
use
in
locations
where
favorable
topographicalconditionsexist.
TypicalInstallationofaHydraulicRam
A air chamber; B check valve; C Adjustment weight;
D Drive pipe; E Gate valve; F Impulse valve; G
Base; H Air feeder valve; I Delivery pipe; J Return
spring; K Spring tension adjustment
Other
Ram
Designs
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Componentsof
Hydraulic
Ram
Efficiencies
DAubuissonsEfficiency
VolumetricEfficiency
Wateruseefficiency
%100%100 xsourcewaterofenergy
deliveredwaterofenergyx
QH
qhEw
%100)(x
qEv
%100)(
%100)(
xHqQ
qhx
HqQ
qhEDA
= density of water
q = volume of water delivered by ram
Q = Volume of water source
h = effective delivery head
H = supply head
DriveandDischargePipes Typically,nominalsizeofdischargepipeisatleasthalfthe
diameterofthedrivepipe
SuggestionbyKrol,1977
6H< L< 12H
Empiricalrelations
Where,
N=numberofpulsationspermin
H=supplyheadinmeters
D=diameterofdrivepipeinmeters
L=lengthofdrivepipeinmeters
DNHL 2
900
Example: Use empirical
equation to calculate L if H =
10 meters; D = 4 or 0.1 m;
and N = 40/min;
Solution:
1. L = (900)*(10)/(40x40)(0.1)
2. L = 56 m
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PerformanceChart
for
Rife
Hydraulic
Ram
(%waterdelivered)
Fall
(ft)
Vertical lift in ft including delivery pipe friction
8 16 25 50 75 100 125 150 200 250 300 400 500
4 22.5 12.5 8.0 3.6 1.6
8 22.5 16.0 9.6 6.4 4.8 3.5 2.7 2.0
12 21.5 13.2 9.6 7.2 5.7 4.8 3.3 2.4 2.0
16 16.0 11.7 9.6 7.7 6.4 4.8 3.8 2.9 2.0
20 18.0 14.7 12.0 9.6 8.0 6.0 4.8 4.0 2.5 2.0
25 22.5 16.7 13.8 12.0 10.0 7.5 6.0 5.0 3.8 2.5
30 18.0 15.0 13.2 12.0 9.0 7.2 6.0 4.5 3.3
35 21.0 17.5 15.2 14.0 10.5 8.4 7.0 5.3 4.2
40 18.0 16.0 14.7 12.0 9.6 8.0 6.0 4.8
50 22.5 18.0 16.7 13.8 12.0 10.0 7.5 6.0
Source: Rife Hydraulic Engine manufacturing Co., Nanticoke, PA
RecommendedValues
of
Q
(L/s)
Diameter of
drive pipe, DSupply head, H in meters
1-2 2.01-5 5.01-10 10.01-20 20.01-30 30.01-40
75 mm (3) 2 2 3 5 6 7
100 mm (4) 3 4 6 8 10 12
150 mm (6) 8 10 15 20 25 30
200 mm (8) 15 20 30 40 50 60
250 mm (10) 25 35 50 60 70 80
Source: Krol, J. 1976. The Automatic Hydraulic Ram: Its Theory and Design
EfficienciesofHydraulicRams
Ratio (h/H) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20
(%) 85 78 72 76 63 60 57 54 52 47 44 40 37 34
Ram Discharge and Head Ratios
HR (h/H) 2 4 6 12 20
QR (q/Q) 0.35 0.16 0.10 0.05 0.03
Example:Calculatethedrivepipesizeforaramthatwouldlift50L/minofwater4.5(14.76ft)mabovethesource.Averticalfallof1.5m(4.92ft)isavailable.UsetheRiferamdata.
Solution:
1. Determineh/Hfromtable
2. Estimateefficiencytouse.Forh/H=3, =78%
3. EstimateQ
4. TheIntakewatersupplymustbeatleastq+Q=242L/min
5. Selectrecommendedpipesize.Fromtabled=4(100mm)
6. Selectappropriatepipelengths
7. Ramswithsizesof3ormorehave2545beats/min.
33.1
6
5.1
5.15.4
H
h
]/2.3[min/19278100350%100 sLLxxx
HqhQ
mx
DN
HL 11
)10.0(35
5.190090022
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WorldwideManufacturers
BillabongRams Australia
CecocoRams Japan
BlakeRams UK
LasGaviotas Columbia
PremierRams India
Rockfer Brazil
Schlumf Switzerland
Riferams US
Sano Germany
Referenceson
Hydraulic
Rams
1. Krol,J.1976.Theautomatichydraulicram:Itstheoryanddesign.PaperpresentedattheDesignEngineeringConferenceandShow,Chicago,IL,April58,1976.PublishedbytheASME,UnitedEnggCenter,345East47th St.,NewYork.
2. Orozco,J.C.1999.Hydraulicwaterrams:ConstructionandDesign.Agricultural
MechanizationDevelopment
Program
(AMDP),
CollegeofEngineeringandAgroIndustrialTechnology(CEAT),UniversityofthePhilippinesatLosBaos,College,Laguna.
TidalandWaveEnergy
SourceofTidalEnergy
Attractiveforcesbetweenearthandsunandmoon Semidiurnaltides theriseandfallofwaterlevelas
aresultofgravitationalattractionofmoon/sunandcenterofearth
Duration:12hrs25minutes
Springtides
full
moon
and
new
moon
lines
joining
centersofearth,sunandmoonarelinear,tideshigherthannormal
Neaptides earthmoonandearthsunlinesareatrightangles,gravitationalforcesaresubtractivecausingsubduedtides
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Average force
Actual force
Two humps occur twice every 24 hrs 50 minutes
the time of the moons apparent rotation of the earth.
Similar tides are produced by the sun.
Mean sea level
Variations in tides of sea. The peak occurs
every 12 hrs and 25 min.
BestPlacetoSeeHighestTides(12 16meters)
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Howit
Works Schemes
of
Power
Generation
SingleBasinEbbCycleGeneration Basinfilledduringhightide,powergenerated
duringlowtide
SingleBasinTideCycleGeneration Powerisgeneratedandbasinfilledduringhigh
tide
SingleBasin
Two
way
Generation
Powerisgeneratedbothduringhighandlowtides
DoubleBasinSystems Powerisgeneratedcontinuously
Single Basin
Arrangement
Single Basin
Options
A.Single Basin
Tide Cycle
System
B.Single Basin
Double Cycle
System
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Multiple Basin
Systems
a.Double Basin
System
b.Operating
regime
TidalTurbines
Potential
2 3TWenergyisdissipatedthroughtides
Thisamountis1/3rd oftodaysworldconsumption
Onlyasmallfractioncouldbederiveddueto
limitednumber
of
locations
240MWplantinLaRance,France
800kWexperimentalunitinKislogubsk,Russia
Cost
LaRance,France=$500/kWofinstalledcapacityandcostofelectricityof0.0026/kWh
(Built1966)
BayofFundy =$0.18 0.30/kWh
Sunderbans,India=$0.60 0.90/kWh
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EnvironmentalConcerns
Beneficial
Useofroadacrossthebarrage/damstructure
Landreclamation
Tourism
Nonbeneficial
Landdrainage
problems
Affectwildlifeandfisheries
Floodinginsomeareas
WaveEnergy
Waveenergyisderivedfromwindenergywhichderivesinturnfromsolarenergy
Energyisavailableonlyinoceans
Extractionequipmentmustoperateinmarineenvironment
Implications:
maintenance,
construction
cost,
lifetimeandreliability
Energyconvertersmustbecapableofwithstandingveryseverepeakstressesinstorms
Worlds Wave Power Resource
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WaveEnergy
Extractors
RusselRectifier
MasudaBouy
IsaacsSeymourSystem
WaveContouringrafts(CockerellRafts)
Salter
Ducks
RusselRectifier
Highandlow
level
reservoir
withnon
returnflaps
withlow
head
turbines
IsaacWave
Energy
Converter
Airpressure,
P,combined
with
hydrostatic
headforces
waterinto
turbine
SalterDucks(
Scotland)
fourdouble
actingpumps
withnon
returnvalves
inwalls
of
ridgesof
cylinder
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CockerellWave
Contouring
Raft
hydraulic
pumps
betweeneach
raft(double
actingpiston)
MasudasPneumatic
Wave
Energy
Conversion
Device
BasicPrinciples:MasudaBouy PelamisWaveEnergyConverter(SeaSnake)
Seriesofcylindricalsegmentsconnectedbyhingedjoints Aswavesrundownthelengthofthedeviceandactuatethe
joints,hydrauliccylindersincorporatedinthejointspumpoiltodriveahydraulicmotorviaanenergysmoothingsystem.
Electricitygeneratedineachjointistransmittedtoshorebyacommonsubseacable.
Theslack
moored
device
will
be
around
130m
long
and
3.5m
indiameter.
Thepelamisisintendedforgeneraldeploymentoffshoreandisdesignedtousetechnologyalreadyavailableintheoffshoreindustry.
Thefullscaleversionhasacontinuouslyratedpoweroutputof0.75MW.
Currentlyaoneseventhscaleprototypeisbeingpreparedfordeployment
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PelamisWave
Energy
Converter Commercial
Scale
Pelamis
Picturesfromlefttoright:PicoPowerPlant,Azores;Pelamis;WaveDragon;Artist'simpressionAWSArray. WaveDragon
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EnvironmentalAspects
Advantages Workswellwithwindenergyextractors
Supplyismoreinwinter
Disadvantages Highinitialcost
Drasticallyalterlittoralprocessesalongcoasts(e.g.
energyextraction
in
ashoaling
region,
i.e.
where
the
wavefeelsthebottomsurface)
Erosionandaccretion(buildup)ofsand
Formationofdeltaifplacednearmouthofriver
Possible Coastal Alterations EconomicAspects
Alittlemoreexpensivethannucleartechnologies
Capitalcost~$1,000/kW
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Countries
with
Wave
Energy
Studies Australia 300500kWwaveenergygenerator
China 100kWandseveralsmallunits
Denmark
Greece
India 150kWpilot(Kerala)
Indonesia 1.1MWwedgegrooveplant
Ireland
Japan 200kWandsomesmallunits(30,40,60,110kW)
Maldives Norway 350 500kW
Portugal 400kW
Sweden 15kWand150kW
UnitedKingdom 500kW
REFERENCES
EnergiesfromtheSea Towards2020,MarineForesightPanel,DTI/Pub
4064/2k/3/99/NP,April1999
Thorpe,TW.1998.AnOverviewofWaveEnergyTechnologies,ETSU.
WaveEnergyCenter
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