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Life’s Chemistry. Chapter 3. Carbon Compounds. Organic compounds compounds of living organisms All contain Carbon atoms Has 4 available electrons -valence electrons Allows for great variety of compounds Rings Chains branches. Functional Groups. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 3
Life’s Chemistry
Carbon CompoundsOrganic compounds
compounds of living organismsAll contain Carbon atoms
Has 4 available electrons -valence electrons
Allows for great variety of compoundsRingsChainsbranches
Functional Groups A cluster of atoms that influence or control the
molecule they are a part of and who they react with Hydroxyl (OH) – part of all alcohols
(carbohydrates) and lipids Carboxyl (COOH) – part of amino acids which
are part of proteins, also part of lipids Amine (NH2) – part of amino acids which are
part of proteins Phosphates – (PO4) – found in nucleic acids,
and sugars (carbohydrates)
Functional Groups, cont Hydrocarbons – molecules that contain
only C & H Ex. Gasoline Add a functional group – changes the
hydrocarbon FG can be molecules that contain P,
S, N that change function of hydrocarbon
Life depends on FOUR Major Organic MoleculesMolecules that contain carbon in
combination with hydrogen and functional groups
Four major groups:• carbohydrates• lipids• proteins• nucleic acids
Monomer – single unit moleculesPolymers: - monomers bonded together Creates different characteristics Prefix – indicates number of monomers bonded
Mono-1 Di-2 Tri-3 Oligo -5 to 100 Poly – more than 100
POLYMERS EXPAND PROPERTIES OF MONOMERS
Large Carbon Molecule Monomer – small simple
molecules Polymers - repeated
monomers
Building Polymers Relies on Common Chemical Reactions
• Dehydration synthesis – the process of building polymers• Made by loosing a water molecule
• Hydrolysis - the process of breaking down polymers by inserting water• Ex. Digestion
Creating and Breaking polymers Dehydration synthesis: at H on one
monomer and OH on another monomer Hydrolysis – breaks monomers apart
Carbohydrates Organic molecules Made of CHO Source of immediate energy Sugars and starches Found in pasta, breads, rice, wheat,
potatoes, corn, etc. Monosaccharide has 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O
Differs by how many C they contain (3-7)
Differ by how many atoms are bonded together
Carbohydrates, con’t Glucose is the simplest sugar- that provides energy for cells Most common: glucose, fructose (fruit sugar), galactose
Isomers – same formula but different shape Glucose- blood sugar Fructose – fruit sugar Galactose
Carbohydrates, con’t Disaccharides- smallest complex carb
2 monos bonded together via dehydration
Sucrose (table sugar)= fructose + glucose
Found in sugarcane, sugar beets Lactose (milk sugar) =glucose +
glactose Maltose – 2 glucose bonded
Provides energy in sprouting seeds
Used to make beer
Carbohydrates, con’t Polysaccharide- provide energy storage and structure
Chains of sugars bonded together (aka complex carbohydrate) – up to 1000’s of monomers- usually glucose
.
Carbohydrates, con’tPolysaccharides’ con’t
Cellulose – found in plant cell walls – hard/impossible to digest
Carbohydrates, con’tPolysaccharides’ con’t
Starch – STORED within cell plants – easy to digest Chitin – 2nd most common in nature
Resembles cellulose, but OH functional group replaced with one that has N
Forms exoskeleton of many arthropods (insects, spiders crustaceans) and cell wall of fungi
Starch
Lipids
Lipid – composed of fat and oil Nonpolar organic molecule Composed of CHO – no ratio, some P,
less O than carbs Dissolve organic solvents but not in
water Necessary for vitamin uptake Necessary for growth Store lots of energy (2X/g than carbs)
Lipids, con’t Compose most of cell membranes
(phospholipids) Humans – nerve transmission speeds up due to
lipids around nerves (mylin) Waxes coat leaves, fur and feathers (water
repellent) Human milk – rich in lipids Fat cells become adipose tissue in animals (white
adipose Brown adipose – in hibernating animals –
converts directly to heat
Lipids, con’t
Fatty Acids- most abundant type of LIPID Hydrophobic ends (water hating)- typical of
both ends of a FA Make up phospholipids and Triglycerides (not
waxes and sterols) Simplest lipid in nature Hydrocarbons up to 36 C with acidic funtional
group at one end
Lipids, con’tFatty acid, con’t Can be saturated FA–
all C-C single bonds holds all the H possible Solid at room temp Not healthy- butter or lard
Unsaturated FA some C=C double bonds Causes FA to kink and spread tails More H could be added Liquid at room temp Plants are more unsaturated – olive oil
More healthy fat
Lipids, types con’t Triglycerides 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol (dehydration
synthesis) Saturated : butter and animal fat, solid at room temp
Saturated with hydrogen – no double bonds Unsaturated: plant seeds, soft and liquid at room
temp DOUBLE bonds – mono unsaturated = 1 double
bond Phospholipids
Found in cell membranes (lipid bi-layer) 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol attached to a
phosphate Has one FA replaced by a phosphate group
Phosphate is VERY negative –hydrophilic Other end is hydrophobic
Lipids, types con’t Sterols – make up hormones
and Cholersterol 4 fused carbon rings Slight changes yield
Hormones Vitamins Cholesterol
»Produced in liver»Keeps cell membranes
fluid»Can be modified into
Sex hormones – testosterone and estrogen
Lipids, types con’t Waxes protect cells
Long FA attached + alcohol (OH functional group
Waterproof plants, water repellent, waterproof fur, feathers, leaves, fruits, some stems.
ProteinsHighly Diverse Molecules
Organic compoundMade of CHON + S or P
Protein, con’t Amino acid composed of
Amine (NH2) Carboxyl group R group (unique to each amino
acid) H atom Central C atom
Proteins are polypeptides 20 naturally occurring amino acids Makes infinite variety of proteins
Proteins, con’t Monomer is called an amino acid- makes a poly peptide
chain Polymer is amino acids bonded to each other
Peptide bonds created by dehydration synthesis – carboxyl group of one aa and nitrogen group of another aa
Dipeptide, tri, oligo and poly etc
Proteins have a 3-dimensional shape (conformation):
• primary (1o) structure - amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain
• secondary (2o) structure - coiling & folding produced by hydrogen bonds
• tertiary (3o) structure - shape created by interactions between R groups
• quarternary (4o) structure - shape created by interactions between two or more polypeptides
A change to the shape of a protein causes denaturation.
Levels of Protein Structure Primary chain Secondary – H bonds between parts of
peptide backbone Coils, sheets, loops, combination of all
3 Motifs, common patterns from
secondary fold Alpha helices Beta-pleated sheets
Tertiary- interactions between R groups with each other or water
Disulfide bond Abundant in keratin (forms hair,
scales, beaks, wool, and hooves Causes the permanent wave in hair
curls Quaternary
More than one poly peptide Held together by H or ionic bonds
hemoglobin
Proteins, con’t
FunctionsMovement – muscle compounds are protein
Structure – forms connective fibers
Proteins, con’tFunctions, con’t
Transport – hemoglobin transports oxygen Storage – casein in milk stores amino acids
for babies
Proteins, con’tFunctions, con’t
Regulation – some hormones – insulin
Proteins, con’t Functions, con’t
Defense – antibodies are proteins
Proteins, con’t
Functions, con’t Biochemical control – enzymes (life’s catalysts)
»Proteins that speed up reactions»Substrate – what the enzyme is acting upon- substance
being changed»Active site – where the enzyme binds and where change
takes place
Protein, con’t
Denaturation – caused by loss of homeostasis Destroys structure
Soap breaks ionic hydrophbic interactions
Salting does the same Heat also
Nucleic Acids-Carriers of the Genetic Blue Print VERY large molecules Two kinds
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid Contain hereditary
information Double helix
RNA- ribonucleic acid Transfers DNA
information to make proteins
Some act as enzymes
Single strand
Nucleic Acid, con’t Complex molecule containing nucleotides
Sugars DNA – deoxy-ribose sugar (5 carbon) RNA – ribose sugar (5 carbon)
Phosphates Nitrogen bases
DNA Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine
RNA Cytosine Guanine Adenine Urasil
DNA Contain information that will
be copied to RNA Information leads to protein
production by cell 3 bases in a row will code for
a specific amino acid Aa adding up to a protein is
part of the genetic code Gene
Codes for an entire protein 2 strands of DNA are said to
be “complimentary”
RNA Single strand Makes use of DNA
information without damaging DNA
Some RNA acts as enzymes
ATP is an RNA nucleotide Carries energy for all
biological functions Urisil (U) (only in
RNA)
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