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LIVING DONOR KIDNEY TRANSPLANT. Kelli Willard West, MSSW, APSW Living Donation Outreach Educator. End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) or Kidney Failure. Can occur at any age Requires renal replacement therapy (dialysis) or kidney transplant to sustain life - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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LIVING DONOR KIDNEY LIVING DONOR KIDNEY TRANSPLANTTRANSPLANT
Kelli Willard West, MSSW, APSWLiving Donation Outreach Educator
End Stage Renal Disease End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) or Kidney Failure(ESRD) or Kidney Failure
Can occur at any age Requires renal replacement therapy
(dialysis) or kidney transplant to sustain life
Time varies between diagnosis and need for dialysis or transplant, depending upon disease
Common Causes of Kidney FailureCommon Causes of Kidney Failure Diabetes Type I & II (diabetic nephropathy) Hypertension Hereditary
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PCKD) Auto-Immune
Primary Glomerulonephritis Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) Renal Artery Stenosis / Renal Vein
Thrombosis Urologic
Reflux Nephropathy Stones Frequent chronic UTI’s
What is Transplant?What is Transplant?
Definition: The transfer of a tissue or organ from one part of
the body to another within the same person The transfer of a tissue or organ from one
individual to another individual. This is usually done surgically
Transplant is the treatment of choice for renal failure. It offers the best opportunity for optimum medical, social, psychological and vocational rehabilitation.
2 Basic Transplant Options2 Basic Transplant Options
Deceased Donor Transplant Brain Death (DBD)
• Determined by a neurologist • Patient is on a ventilator at time of donation
Declared Cardiac Death (DCD)• Ventilator support is withdrawn in the OR• Determined by the patient’s critical care doctor• Lack of blood flow can damage organs
Donor family provides consent to donate organs/ tissues Living Donor Transplant
Patient receives kidney from a living related or non-related donor
UNOS Wait ListUNOS Wait List
As of 4/3/09 - US - 109,294 waiting for organ transplant US - 83,913 waiting for kidneys
WI - 1,538 awaiting transplant WI - 1,115 waiting for kidneys
UWHC – 724 on transplant wait lists UWHC – 495 waiting for kidneys
Average Waiting List TimeAverage Waiting List Time
The average waiting time at UW Hospital depends on the recipient blood type:
• O=2-3 Years• B=2-2.5 Years• A=1-1.5 Years• AB=6 Months
Each center has a different waiting time
Blood Type CompatibilityBlood Type Compatibility
Recipient Blood Type Compatible Donors
O O
B B or O
A A or O
AB A, B, AB or O
The OperationThe Operation
Transplanted kidney’s artery & vein attached to recipient’s iliacs
An incision is made in bladder & ureter is attached
UW Health Transplant ExperienceUW Health Transplant Experience1966 kidney transplant program established,
including deceased & live donor transplants
1997 OPO ranked most effective in the U.S.
2000 laparoscopic kidney donor nephrectomy began
2003 1st "humanitarian" live-donor kidney transplant
1st paired exchange transplant
2004 desensitization program started
donor mentor program developedIn various years since 1996, the UW Transplant Program has been ranked the 1st or 2nd most active kidney transplant center in the U.S. and has consistently performed in the top five kidney transplant centers nationally.
Why is Living Donor Transplant Why is Living Donor Transplant Recommended?Recommended?
Longer Kidney Survival 8-12 years for deceased donor transplant 12-20 years for living donor transplant
Reduce Need for Future Re-Transplant Shorter Wait Times for Transplant Surgery Scheduled for Convenience Healthy Donor Kidney
Adult Kidney Graft Survival Rates 1995- 2005
93%90%
87%
81%
65%
96%
55%
72%76%
80%
86%
90%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1 year 2 year 3 year 4 year 5 year 10 year
Perc
enta
ge
Living Donor Deceased Donor
Source: UW Health Transplant database. Represents the total number of kidney transplants from 1/1/1995 through 12/31/2005. Includes all kidneys transplanted, including multi-organ transplants.
01/24/2007
Source: UWHC Database Office, October 2008.
UW Kidney Transplant Graft Survival For Patients Age 65+
98.49%
84.61%
91.35%
84.61%84.61%
89.06%
55.36% 55.36%
61.86%64.70%
71.98%
82.23%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1 2 3 4 5 6
Years Post-Transplant
Su
rviv
al P
erce
nta
ge
Living Donor Deceased Donor
Benefits of Living Donor Transplant Benefits of Living Donor Transplant (continued)(continued)
Able to Return to Work Kidney Works Right Away May Be a Closer Genetic Match Lower Cost Increase Kidneys Available for Transplants Improve Quality of Life
Why Don’t More Patients Get A Why Don’t More Patients Get A Living Donor?Living Donor?
Don’t have enough information Fearful for the donor’s safety Don’t understand the donor’s experience Can’t bring themselves to ask Waiting for someone to offer Don’t want family/friends to feel obligated Don’t want to be a burden Refuse to accept kidney from adult children
Finding a Living DonorFinding a Living Donor
The donor’s health is the goal in the screening. A risky transplant doesn’t help anyone.
Don’t rule anyone out. Let the Transplant Team decide if they are healthy enough.
Over 30% of donors screened are not approved. The screening for risks is very careful.
All medical costs for kidney donor exam and surgery are paid by the patient’s insurance or Medicare. Donor pays only travel and hotel. Lost wages can be a financial impact – depending upon employer sick/vacation/disability leave policies.
Donors are given many chances to change mind.
Living Donor CriteriaLiving Donor Criteria
18 years of age or older Good physical & mental health No chronic kidney stones No diabetes No current/recent cancer Not a lot overweight High blood pressure may be considered Other medical issues checked case-by-case
Donor Evaluation ProcessDonor Evaluation Process
3 basic steps for the donor Review medical history with Transplant
Coordinator by phone Provide blood sample for compatibility
testing (done locally with mail-in test kit) Full medical evaluation at UWHC in
Madison
Donor’s Medical ExamDonor’s Medical Exam Complete medical history & Physical exam Talk with a medical doctor about any medical issues Talk with a surgeon about surgery and risks Chest X-ray – checks for any lung or heart problems EKG (electrocardiogram) – checks heart health 24-hour urine collection – checks kidney health Urine test – checks kidney health CT/CAT scan – looks at abdomen organs, kidneys, and kidney blood
vessels – checks to see if anatomy would work for surgery Glucose test – screens for diabetes Other blood tests – includes clotting study Virus screening – checking for hepatitis, HIV, syphilis, or other virus Social Work and/or Health Psychology visit – to see if mental health or
other stress might make it hard for a donor to make health choices or to recover after surgery
Donor Advocate – to ensure donor is fully informed and consenting
Donor Selection CommitteeDonor Selection Committee
Meets monthly Includes:
transplant surgeons medical doctors - nephrologists transplant fellows physician assistants social workers dietician transplant coordinators Head of in-patient transplant nurses Living Donor Advocate
Prospective donors are presented & transplant candidacy is determined
About 30 percent of possible donors ruled out
So What Are theSo What Are theKidney Donor’s Risks?Kidney Donor’s Risks?
Many studies of have researched donor safety Long-term studies tracking kidney donors up to
40 years Many common fears about kidney donor safety
are not true Will discuss 3 basic areas of donor risks
Surgical risks Long-term health impacts Emotional/psychological impacts
Surgical RisksSurgical RisksSame complications as any other surgery - kidney donors have fewer than typical surgery patient because screening ensures they are healthy
Less than 1% of all kidney donors have any surgical problems
Small issues: problems with anesthesia infection wound healing issues collapsed lung fluid in the lungs (pneumonia) pain
Bigger problems: bleeding blood clots death
Long-Term Health ImpactsLong-Term Health Impacts
Area of biggest fears & most misinformation in general public
Common misconceptions Donor will get kidney disease/failure Donor’s lifespan will be shorter Donor will need major lifestyle adjustments for
one kidney
Kidney Donor Health Kidney Donor Health Average person with 2 healthy kidneys has 8-10 times
kidney function body needs Within 3-6 months of donation, remaining kidney adjusts
to being single kidney Most recent study – University of Minnesota – published
January 2009 Kidney donor life expectancy same as general population Lower rates of kidney disease/failure No lifestyle changes expected
One area of concern – possible risk of high blood pressure
Emotional/Psychological Impacts of Emotional/Psychological Impacts of Kidney DonationKidney Donation
Common for recipients to fear that the donor may have regrets
Most kidney donors have good experience Most feel good about helping the kidney
patient & some feel more self-esteem Over 90% of kidney donors say they would
make the same choice again Emotional struggles are not common, but
possible; more likely if the transplant does not go as planned
Open NephrectomyOpen Nephrectomy
Laproscopic NephrectomyLaproscopic Nephrectomy
Donor HospitalizationDonor Hospitalization
Laparoscopic procedure using scope and cameras to remove kidney (utilized 95% of the time)
• Stay about 3-4 days
Open donor nephrectomy; larger incision • Stay about 4-5 days
Donor RecoveryDonor Recovery
Time to return to work Laparoscopic: 3-6 weeks Open nephrectomy: 6-8 weeks
First clinic visit with surgeon about 2-4 weeks after discharge
No additional medicines or diet changes Follow-up visit at month 4 and 1 year Annual physical with local physician thereafter
Donor Safety – What IfDonor Safety – What IfWorst Case Scenario?Worst Case Scenario?
If an organ donor (any “vital” organ including kidney, liver segment, lung segment, partial pancreas, small bowel segment) later needs a kidney transplant, national policy provides priority on kidney wait list
Cause of organ failure doesn’t matter Donor gets points equal to 4-years wait time Likely that others in family/community may volunteer
to help by donating Statistical chance of this scenario is very unlikely Safety-net provides peace of mind
Other Living Donation TerminologyOther Living Donation Terminology
Desensitization Paired Exchange or Kidney Swap Humanitarian (Non-Directed) Donors Living Donor Mentor Program Living Donor Advocate Donor Matching Websites or Services
So - How Do I Ask?So - How Do I Ask?
Patients often find it difficult to ask for a kidney donor
Many patients wait for someone to offer
Not all interested candidates will automatically offer
Gaps of CommunicationGaps of Communication
Role Play #1
Situation - Parent Talking to Teen
Gaps of CommunicationGaps of Communication
Role Play #2
Situation – Married Couple Has Different Plans for the Night
Gaps of CommunicationGaps of Communication
Role Play #3
Situation – Patient who can’t quite bring themselves to ask the question
Gaps of CommunicationGaps of Communication
Role Play #4
Situation – Patient with really poor communication skills
Filling In Communication GapsFilling In Communication Gaps
What Do These Patients Really Mean? I’d like to talk to you about something very
personal. Do you have some time right now? My health is failing because I have kidney disease. Dialysis is very difficult physically, and disrupts my
day-to-day life. My doctor’s recommend living donation transplant
as the best treatment option for me. Asking for a kidney donation is very difficult. This
conversation is awkward for both of us. I would be honored if you would consider being
evaluated and possibly donating a kidney for my transplant.
Continuing the ConversationContinuing the Conversation I want you to have time to think about this. I don’t
expect an answer right now. I have some reading and video materials that can
provide more information for you to think about. I don’t want you to feel pressured, so I will not
bring this up again – it is your choice if/when we discuss this topic further.
If you don’t approach me about this in the future, I will understand you don’t feel ready to pursue kidney donation – and I will not pressure you.
It is OK to say no. I won’t be offended or hurt if you choose not to pursue kidney donation.
Continuing the ConversationContinuing the Conversation
I understand the sacrifice involved in kidney donation and recognize that saying no doesn’t mean you don’t care about me or love me.
Donating a kidney is a difficult decision – and you may say no for reasons that have nothing to do with your feelings about me.
Be assured I am pursuing other treatment options, including the wait list for a deceased donor kidney. I am also talking to other potential donors.
Living donation is the best treatment option, but is not the only treatment available.
No matter what you decide, I will feel the same about you and continue to value our relationship in the same ways.
Internet ResourcesInternet Resources UW Health Website
Health Facts for You Patient Education Videos www.uwhealth.org/transplant
National Kidney Foundation Patient Education & Advocacy Living Donor Message Board www.kidney.org
American Society of Transplant Surgeons
Patient Education Videos www.asts.org
UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing)
Transplant Data www.unos.org
Transplant Living Patient Education project of
UNOS www.transplantliving.org
Transplant Experience Patient Education Materials &
Videos www.transplantexperience.com
- William Penn
I expect to pass through life but once. If therefore, there can be any kindness I can show, or any good thing I can do to any fellow being, let me do it now and not defer or neglect it, as I shall not pass this way again.
Dottie the DotDottie the Dot
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