View
221
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
8/10/2019 li_zhuo_late_268457_10995134_ECE5320-HW01-sensor-Zhuo Li
1/19
ECE5320 Mechatronics
Assignment#01: Literature Survey on Sensors and Actuators
Topic: Brain Wave Sensor
Prepared by: Zhuo Li
Dept. of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUtah State University
3/9/2012
8/10/2019 li_zhuo_late_268457_10995134_ECE5320-HW01-sensor-Zhuo Li
2/19
10/14/2014 ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators
Slide-2
Outline
Reference list To probe further
Major applications
Working principle Typical setup
Major specifications
Advantages
Disadvantages
Products on-shelf
Outlook
8/10/2019 li_zhuo_late_268457_10995134_ECE5320-HW01-sensor-Zhuo Li
3/19
10/14/2014 ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators
Slide-3
Reference list [1]. A. S. Hellera, Tom Johnstonec, A. J. Shackmana, S. N. Lighta, M. J. Petersond, G. G. Koldenb, N. H. Kalinb,
and R. J. Davidsona,Reduced capacity to sustain positive emotion in major depression reflects diminished
maintenance of fronto-striatal brain activation, PNAS, December 29, 2009, vol. 106, no. 52, 2244522450.
[2]. Yasui Y,A brainwave signal measurement and data processing technique for daily life applications,
NeuroSky White Paper, [online], http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19483376.
[3]. Hamalainen, M., Riitta, H., Ilmoniemi, R., Knuutila, J., and Lounasmaa, O. (1993).
Magnetoencephalographytheory, instrumentation, and applications to noninvasive studies of the working
human brain. Reviews of Modern Physics, 65(2), 414-497.
[4]. O'Regan, S., Faul, S., and Marnane, W. (2010).Automatic detection of EEG artefacts arising from head
movements. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2010 Annual International Conference of the
IEEE, Buenos Aires, Argentina, August 31 - September 4, 2010, 6353-6356.
[5]. Fisher, R., Webber, W., Lesser, R., Arroyo, S., and Uematsu, S. (1992).High-frequency EEG activity at the
start of seizures. J Clin Neurophysiol, 9(3): 441-8.
[6]. Pfurtscheller G, Lopes da Silva FH (1999).Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization:
basic principles. Clin Neurophysiol, 110(11): 18421857.
[7]. Niedermeyer E. and da Silva F.L. (2004).Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications,
and Related Fields. Lippincot Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0781751268.
[8]. Yasuno et al (2008). The PET Radioligand [11C]MePPEP Binds Reversibly and with High Specific Signal to
Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors in Nonhuman Primate Brain. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 259-269.
[9]. Schlgl, A., Slater, M., & Pfurtscheller, G. (2002).Presence research and EEG Properties of EEG
recordings. Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Workshop PRESENCE. Porto, Portugal, October 9-11.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19483376http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/194833768/10/2019 li_zhuo_late_268457_10995134_ECE5320-HW01-sensor-Zhuo Li
4/19
10/14/2014 ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators
Slide-4
To explore further [i]. Droids sensor Blog, A Headset Sensor That Reads Your Brainwaves,
http://droidsensors.com/2010/07/a-headset-sensor-that-reads-your-brainwaves/
[ii]. TED Talk, A Headset Sensor That Reads Your Brainwaves,
http://www.ted.com/talks/view/lang/en//id/921
[iii]. Lab For Affective Neuroscience, Univ. of Wisconsin Madison,
http://psyphz.psych.wisc.edu/web/research.html
[iv]. EEG Used to Convict Murder Suspecthttp://medgadget.com/2008/09/eeg_used_to_convict_murder_suspect.html
[v]. Iyad Obeid, Temple Univ, TEDxPhilly, Mapping the brain,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HV-k7EwZVNQ
[vi]. NeuroSky, http://www.neurosky.com/Default.aspx
[vii]. Mind Flex, Duel, http://mindflexgames.com/
[viii]. Uncle Milton, Star Wars Science, http://unclemilton.com/star_wars_science/
[ix]. National Center for Biotechnology Information,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/
[x]. Brain Waves & Brainwave entrainment, http://www.sleepwarrior.com/brain-waves-brainwave-
entrainment
http://droidsensors.com/2010/07/a-headset-sensor-that-reads-your-brainwaves/http://www.ted.com/talks/view/lang/en//id/921http://psyphz.psych.wisc.edu/web/research.htmlhttp://medgadget.com/2008/09/eeg_used_to_convict_murder_suspect.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HV-k7EwZVNQhttp://www.neurosky.com/Default.aspxhttp://mindflexgames.com/http://unclemilton.com/star_wars_science/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/http://www.sleepwarrior.com/brain-waves-brainwave-entrainmenthttp://www.sleepwarrior.com/brain-waves-brainwave-entrainmenthttp://www.sleepwarrior.com/brain-waves-brainwave-entrainmenthttp://www.sleepwarrior.com/brain-waves-brainwave-entrainmenthttp://www.sleepwarrior.com/brain-waves-brainwave-entrainmenthttp://www.sleepwarrior.com/brain-waves-brainwave-entrainmenthttp://www.sleepwarrior.com/brain-waves-brainwave-entrainmenthttp://www.sleepwarrior.com/brain-waves-brainwave-entrainmenthttp://www.sleepwarrior.com/brain-waves-brainwave-entrainmenthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/http://unclemilton.com/star_wars_science/http://mindflexgames.com/http://www.neurosky.com/Default.aspxhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HV-k7EwZVNQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HV-k7EwZVNQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HV-k7EwZVNQhttp://medgadget.com/2008/09/eeg_used_to_convict_murder_suspect.htmlhttp://psyphz.psych.wisc.edu/web/research.htmlhttp://www.ted.com/talks/view/lang/en//id/921http://droidsensors.com/2010/07/a-headset-sensor-that-reads-your-brainwaves/http://droidsensors.com/2010/07/a-headset-sensor-that-reads-your-brainwaves/http://droidsensors.com/2010/07/a-headset-sensor-that-reads-your-brainwaves/http://droidsensors.com/2010/07/a-headset-sensor-that-reads-your-brainwaves/http://droidsensors.com/2010/07/a-headset-sensor-that-reads-your-brainwaves/http://droidsensors.com/2010/07/a-headset-sensor-that-reads-your-brainwaves/http://droidsensors.com/2010/07/a-headset-sensor-that-reads-your-brainwaves/http://droidsensors.com/2010/07/a-headset-sensor-that-reads-your-brainwaves/http://droidsensors.com/2010/07/a-headset-sensor-that-reads-your-brainwaves/http://droidsensors.com/2010/07/a-headset-sensor-that-reads-your-brainwaves/http://droidsensors.com/2010/07/a-headset-sensor-that-reads-your-brainwaves/http://droidsensors.com/2010/07/a-headset-sensor-that-reads-your-brainwaves/http://droidsensors.com/2010/07/a-headset-sensor-that-reads-your-brainwaves/8/10/2019 li_zhuo_late_268457_10995134_ECE5320-HW01-sensor-Zhuo Li
5/19
10/14/2014 ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators
Slide-5
Major applications
Ordinary life Smart home
Medical
Assistant devices for handicapped
Clinical examination Depression, sleep disorder analysis [1] [iii]
Academic research
Exploring the brain
Entertainment Game console
Security
Convict criminal suspect by Brain Electrical Oscillations Signature test (BEOS) [iii]
Fig5. [x]
8/10/2019 li_zhuo_late_268457_10995134_ECE5320-HW01-sensor-Zhuo Li
6/19
Introduction
What are brain waves? Allbrain cells communicate via electrical signals. Ones brain contains about 100 billion
neurons, well over the number of stars in our galaxy. Each neuron is connected to about 10,000
other neurons, making for about 100 to 500 trillion neuron-to-neuron connections in the
brain. [x]
Our current technology cannot see whats happening at the neuron level. Theyre just too
small, and theres just too many of them. However, our technologycansee overallpatternsofbrain activity. [x]
Neurons firing
Brainwave Entrainment
Also called brainwave synchronization. It purportedly depends upon a "frequency following"
response on the assumption that the human brain has atendency to change its dominant EEG
frequency towards the frequency of a dominantexternal stimulus. [Wikipedia.org] One study showed that when two people are in the same room, their brainwaves and heartbeats
become entrainedthat is, their brainwaves become matched up in frequency. [x]
Here is a video of TED talk by Keith Barry demonstrating Brainwave Entrainment
http://www.ted.com/talks/keith_barry_does_brain_magic.html
10/14/2014 ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators
Slide-6
8/10/2019 li_zhuo_late_268457_10995134_ECE5320-HW01-sensor-Zhuo Li
7/19
Introduction
Methods to study brain function Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ()
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Magnetoencephalography
Electrocorticography (ECG)
Brain-computer interface (BMI)
often called a mind-machine interface (MMI), is a direct communication pathway between the
brain and an external device. BCIs are often directed at assisting, augmenting, or repairing
human cognitive or sensory-motor functions. [Wikipedia.rog]
Brain wave sensor
Brain wave sensor is the sensor to capture the signals generated by brain activities.
Data acquisition device implementing EEG measurement is nothing but a net of voltmeters.
Nowadays, the brain wave sensor refers more on the data fusion and processing technology than
sensing itself. Most products are turnkey (whole set) involving sensing with applications.
10/14/2014 ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators
Slide-7
8/10/2019 li_zhuo_late_268457_10995134_ECE5320-HW01-sensor-Zhuo Li
8/19
Working principle Electroencephalography (EEG)
An electroencephalogram is a test that measures and records the electrical activity of ones
brain. [Wikipedia.org]
Source of EEG activity
The brain's electrical charge is maintained by billions of
neurons. Neurons are electrically charged (or "polarized")by membrane transport proteins that pump ions across their
membranes. Neurons are constantly exchanging ions with
the extracellular milieu, for example to maintain resting
potential and to propagate action potentials. Ions of like
charge repel each other, and when many ions are pushed
out of many neurons at the same time, they can push their
neighbors, who push their neighbors, and so on, in a wave.
This process is known as volume conduction.
When the wave of ions reaches the electrodes on the scalp, they can push or pull electrons on the metal on the
electrodes. The difference in push or voltage between any two electrodes can be measured by a voltmeter.
Recording these voltages over time gives us the EEG. [Wikipedia.org]
10/14/2014 ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators
Slide-8
Fig7. An EEG recording net. [iii]
8/10/2019 li_zhuo_late_268457_10995134_ECE5320-HW01-sensor-Zhuo Li
9/19
Working principle
EEG Wave patterns [Wikipedia.org] Deltais the frequency range up to 4 Hz. It tends to be the highest in amplitude and the slowest
waves.
Thetais the frequency range from 4 Hz to 7 Hz. Theta is seen normally in young children. It
may be seen in drowsiness or arousal in older children and adults; it can also be seen in
meditation.
Alphais the frequency range from 8 Hz to 12 Hz. Hans Berger named the first rhythmic EEGactivity he saw as the "alpha wave".
Betais the frequency range from 12 Hz to about 30 Hz. It is seen usually on both sides in
symmetrical distribution and is most evident frontally. Beta activity is closely linked to motor
behavior and is generally attenuated during active movements. [6]
Gammais the frequency range approximately 30100 Hz. Gamma rhythms are thought to
represent binding of different populations of neurons together into a network for the purpose ofcarrying out a certain cognitive or motor function. [7]
Muranges 813 Hz., and partly overlaps with other frequencies. It reflects the synchronous
firing of motor neurons in rest state.
10/14/2014 ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators
Slide-9
8/10/2019 li_zhuo_late_268457_10995134_ECE5320-HW01-sensor-Zhuo Li
10/19
Working principle
EEG Wave patterns
10/14/2014 ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators
Slide-10
Deltawaves
Thetawaves
Alphawaves
Sensorimotor rhythm aka murhythm.
Betawaves
Gammawaves
Fig8. Brain wave patters. [Wikipedia.org]
8/10/2019 li_zhuo_late_268457_10995134_ECE5320-HW01-sensor-Zhuo Li
11/19
8/10/2019 li_zhuo_late_268457_10995134_ECE5320-HW01-sensor-Zhuo Li
12/19
Typical setup
Please refer to the video in [ii]
10/14/2014 ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators
Slide-12
8/10/2019 li_zhuo_late_268457_10995134_ECE5320-HW01-sensor-Zhuo Li
13/19
Advantages
EEG based brain wave sensor EEG sensors can be used in more places than fMRI, SPECT, PET, MRS, or MEG,
as these techniques require bulky and immobile equipment. For example, MEG
requires equipment consisting of liquid helium-cooled detectors that can be used
only in magnetically shielded rooms, altogether costing upwards of several million
dollars[3]; and fMRI requires the use of a 1-ton magnet in, again, shielded room.
EEG has higher temporal resolution - milliseconds, rather than seconds - it can, in
fact, take as many as 2000 samples per second [5] Only MEG rivals these speeds.[3]
EEG is relatively tolerant of subject movement, unlike all other neuroimaging
techniques. There even exist methods for minimizing, and even eliminating
movement artefacts in EEG data [4]
10/14/2014 ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators
Slide-13
8/10/2019 li_zhuo_late_268457_10995134_ECE5320-HW01-sensor-Zhuo Li
14/19
Disadvantages
EEG based brain wave sensor Significantly lower spatial resolution compared to other measuring approaches.
EEG determines neural activity that occurs below the upper layers of the brain (the
cortex) very poorly
Unlike PET and MRS, cannot identify specific locations in the brain at which
various neurotransmitters, drugs, etc. can be found. [8] Often takes a long time to connect a subject to EEG, as it requires precise placement
of dozens of electrodes around the head and the use of various gels, saline solutions,
and/or pastes to keep them in place. While the length of time differs dependent on
the specific EEG device used, as a general rule it takes considerably less time to
prepare a subject for MEG, fMRI, MRS, and SPECT.
Signal-to-noise ratio is very poor, so sophisticated data analysis and relatively large
numbers of subjects are needed to extract useful information from EEG. [9]
10/14/2014 ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators
Slide-14
8/10/2019 li_zhuo_late_268457_10995134_ECE5320-HW01-sensor-Zhuo Li
15/19
On-shelf Products
NeuroSky [vi] MindSet Headset
MindWave Headset w/ Education Bundle
MindBand
ThinkGear AM
Brain Athlete
10/14/2014 ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators
Slide-15
Fig13-1. NeuroSky ThinkGear AM. [vi]
Fig13-2. NeuroSky Brain Athlete. [vi]
8/10/2019 li_zhuo_late_268457_10995134_ECE5320-HW01-sensor-Zhuo Li
16/19
NeuroSky MindSet Overview [vi]
The MindSet was the first mass market EEG headset when it debuted in 2009. The device consists of earphone, a microphone, and a sensorarm. The headsets reference and ground electrodes are on the ear phones and the EEGelectrode is on the end of the sensor arm, sitting on the
forehead above the eye. Not only can it collect research-grade EEG data, but it features a set of high-quality Bluetooth enabled wireless headphones
complete with microphone. The MindSet is versatile, compact, and portable. It is an excellent choice for gaming, research, or public installations.
Measures:
Raw-Brainwaves
EEG power spectrums (Alpha, Beta, etc.)
eSense meter for Attention and Meditation
Physical:
190g weight
Length 21cm X width 17.5cm X height 5.0cm
Signal and EEG:
Maximum signal input range: 1mV pk-pk
Hardware filter range: 3Hz to 100Hz
MS001: includes 60Hz environmental AC noise filtering
MS002: includes 50Hz environmental AC noise filtering
Amplification gain: 2000x
ADC resolution: 12 bits (-2048 to 2047)
Sampling rate: 512Hz
eSense interpretation update rate: 1Hz 0% byte loss (ie packet loss)
1Hz eSense interpretation rate
UART Baudrate: 57,600 Baud
SPP through put: 9600 Baud
S/N ratio: >70dB
Class 2 Bluetooth Radio Range: 10 m 6dBm RF max power
250kbit/s RF data rate
On-shelf Products
10/14/2014 ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators
Slide-16
Fig. NeuroSky MindSet Headset
8/10/2019 li_zhuo_late_268457_10995134_ECE5320-HW01-sensor-Zhuo Li
17/19
On-shelf Products
Mind Flex Duel [vii]Brainwave entertainment/toy
10/14/2014 ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators
Slide-17
Fig15. Mind Flex Duel. [vii]
8/10/2019 li_zhuo_late_268457_10995134_ECE5320-HW01-sensor-Zhuo Li
18/19
On-shelf Products
Uncle Milton Star Wars Science [viii]Brainwave entertainment/toy
10/14/2014 ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators
Slide-18
Fig16. Uncle Milton Star Wars Science [viii]
8/10/2019 li_zhuo_late_268457_10995134_ECE5320-HW01-sensor-Zhuo Li
19/19
Outlook
Since brainwaves are weak electric signals, contactless monitoring is difficult.Hence, contactless brainwave sensor appears technically hard but appealing.
10/14/2014 ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators
Slide-19
Recommended