MEMORY

MEMORY

Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)—stage model of memory

Buffer/sensory memory—selective attention test (Simons and Chabris) and…

George Sperling (1960)—Buffer/sensory memory study

George Miller (1956)—short term memory capacity study—magical number seven + or - twoRow 1Row 2Row 3Row 4Row 5Row 6Row 7Row 8

Chunking?Row 1Row 2

Baddeley & Hitch (1974)—working memory/STM

Frog BootsTree Bells

Horse ClockButterfly Book

Lizard BoxBerry PanLion Rug

Bee RecordAligator BrushFlower Stroller

Lockhart & Craik (1990)—LTM—elaborative rehearsal (focus on meaning of information)

Self-reference effect

Visual imagery

Primacy and recency effect?

Loftus & Collins (1975)—long term memory—semantic memory network model

How many _____________ can you list?

True or False

“An ostrich is a bird.”

“A canary is a bird.”

reaction time measured

long-term semantic memory network model

Ebbinghaus (1885, 87)—LTM—forgetting curve study

retrieval cues exercise

Serial position effect? Free recall? Cued recall? Recognition?

encoding specificity principle—context effect—Godden & Baddeley (1975) with deep sea divers

state-dependent retrieval, mood-dependent retrieval, mood congruence, too

Does physical state matter? state-dependent retrievalEich et al. (1975): study while smoking normal or marijuana cigarette. Test words under same or different physical condition

Brewer & Treyens (1981)—memory and schema (organized cluster of information) study

Write down as many details as you can remember about the office.

Roediger & McDermott (1995)

bed, rest, awake, tired, dream, wake, night, blanket, doze, slumber, snore, pillow, peace, yawn, drowsy

One night two young men from Egulac went down to the river to hunt seals and while they were there it became foggy and calm. Then they heard war-cries, and they thought: "Maybe this is a war-party". They escaped to the shore, and hid behind a log. Now canoes came up, and they heard the noise of paddles, and saw one canoe coming up to them. There were five men in the canoe, and they said: "What do you think? We wish to take you along. We are going up the river to make war on the people." One of the young men said,"I have no arrows." "Arrows are in the canoe," they said. "I will not go along. I might be killed. My relatives do not know where I have gone. But you," he said, turning to the other, "may go with them." So one of the young men went, but the other returned home. And the warriors went on up the river to a town on the other side of Kalama. The people came down to the water and they began to fight, and many were killed. But presently the young man heard one of the warriors say, "Quick, let us go home: that Indian has been hit." Now he thought: "Oh, they are ghosts." He did not feel sick, but they said he had been shot. So the canoes went back to Egulac and the young man went ashore to his house and made a fire. And he told everybody and said: "Behold I accompanied the ghosts, and we went to fight. Many of our fellows were killed, and many of those who attacked us were killed. They said I was hit, and I did not feel sick." He told it all, and then he became quiet. When the sun rose he fell down. Something black came out of his mouth. His face became contorted. The people jumped up and cried. He was dead.

Bartlett (1932)—LTM—“The War of the Ghosts” (a Native American legend) study

Narrative reconstruction trends?

Loftus and Palmer (1974)—eyewitness testimony and misinformation (post-event information influence) effect study

“About how fast were the cars going when they _________ each other?”

Did you see any broken glass?

Loftus and Pickrell—Lost-in-the-Mall study

Real eventsImagining pseudo-events

Imagination inflation

Loftus—the Bunny Effect

Implications for eyewitness testimony?

Flashbulb memoriesNeisser and Harsch (1992)—LTM—Challenger explosion study

Asked within 24 hours: How did you hear of the explosion?

Asked again two and a half years later

Talarico and Rubin (2003)—LTM—Sept. 11, 2001—On September 12 they gave 52 student volunteers a questionnaire about their memory of September 11 and an ordinary event of their choosing from the preceding few days. They then divided the volunteers into three groups, and had each group return for a follow-up questionnaire session after a different amount of time had elapsed: 7 days, 42 days, and 224 days. In the follow-up session they were asked the same questions about their memories about both the ordinary event (typically this was something like a party or a sporting event) and the flashbulb memory.

“narrative reconstructions”

How reliable is memory?

But is it biological?

Karl Lashley (1920s)—rat study

Richard Thompson—rabbit study

Eric Kandel—Aplysia (sea snails) with 20,000 good-sized neurons

Amnesia

Retrograde (the old)

Anterograde (the new)—H.M. case study (Corkin and Milner)—damage due to frontal lobe surgery that removed part of hippocampus

Both—Clive Wearing case study—damage to hippocampus due to encephalitis

Infantile—language or hippocampus dependent?

Alzheimer’s

The brain

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Frontal lobe

Prefrontal cortex

Cerebellum