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MEDICINE IN THE MIDDLE
AGES AD 5001500
The History of Medicine
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Key PointsPrimitive medicine
dominated by
superstition &
dogma(Dark Ages
of Medicine)
Medical Care in
Islamic Tradition
during the middle
Ages
Christianity
exerted a
wholesome
influence
Dawn of Scientific
Medicine
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The fall of the Roman EmpireThe Roman Empiregrew until it could no
longer control its borders successfully.Barbarian tribes overran the western parts of
the empire, and by AD 500 Europe consisted of
many small, feuding tribal kingdoms. These
kingdoms were often at war with each other.
What effects do you think these wars had on the
benefits that the Roman Empire had brought?
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The wars meant that many of the Roman developments
were lost.
Roman buildings, public health
systems,
librariesand
medical books
were destroyed.
It was now dangerous to travel, so communications were
limited, and there were far fewer opportunities for doctors
to learn or train.
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education
communications
Can you explain how the factors of war,
communications and education might have affected
the progress of medicine at this time?
war
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Britain in the Dark AgesAfter the Romans left Britain in AD 410, society went back
to its pre-Roman, uncultured ways. The next 500 yearswere known as the Dark Ages.
During this time Britain experienced
many invasions by different
peoples, including the Saxons and
Vikings. Some invaders took what
they wanted and destroyed things
they didnt; many settled in Britain.
What medical progress or regress would you expect
to have seen at this time?
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Norman BritainIn 1066 the Normans invaded Britain. This period, the
Middle Ages, brought some improvements to publichealth, travel became safer and trade increased.
For the wealthy in society, such as lords
and barons, living standards improved with
stone-built castles and manor houses.For the majority, the peasants, however,
home was usually a small house
consisting of one room for the whole
family. Inside it was dark, smoke-filled anddamp. Peasants worked from dawn till
dusk, usually in the fields, in all weathers.
What effect do you think living conditions had
on the health of the rich and the poor?
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Religion and medicine in the Middle AgesAfter the Norman conquest
the churchalso becamewealthier and stronger all
over Europe.
The medieval church was a
very powerful force duringthis time, and had a huge
impact on the development
of medicine.
On the next slide you will learn about the main waysreligion affected medicine during this period. Decide
whether the church helped or hindered medical
development in each case.
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How were people treated for illnesses
Do you think that all these types of treatments
were available to all types of people?
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Supernatural or natural
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Many ordinary people were treated at home by their
wife or mother. Doctors were very expensive, andherbal remedieshanded down from mother to
daughter were probably as effective as any treatment.
How effective was herbal medicine
Herbs have been used in healthcare throughout
the history of medicine. As communicationsimproved, new plants were discovered, and the
range of herbal remedies expanded. In the
Middle Ages, herbal remedies continued to be
used and gradually became more effective.
For herbs to have been used for so long, it is likely that
they had some positive effects. We now know that about
50% of ancient herbal cures were effective, although
those using them would not have understood why.
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Herbal remedies effective or not
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Medical progress in the Middle AgesAlthough it may seem as if there was little medical
progress during this period of history, there were someimportant developments.
MedicaldevelopmentsUrine was
analysed for
the first time,
an aid to
diagnosis stillused by
doctors today.
The
establishment
of schools for
doctors
improved thequality of
medical care.Wine was used as an
antiseptic and drugs
were used to numb pain
in surgery.
Hospitals provided a place where
the sick could be cared for.
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The Black DeathIn 134849 Britain faced the worst crisis in its history. A
deadly disease, originating in Asia, arrived from Europe.This disease was the bubonic
plague. The symptoms were a
fever, headache, tiredness and
painful swellings (buboes) the sizeof apples in the groin and armpits.
Small, oozing red and black spots
appeared all over the body, giving
the disease the name the Black
Death. Many patients only lasted a
few days before a painful death.
Nearly 40%of the English population died.
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What was believed to cause the Black Death?
It was not until 1894that it was
discovered that the bubonic plague
was caused by germs, carried by the
fleas which live on black rats.
Back in 1349people had very different ideas about the
cause of the disease.
Look at the list of the causes people believed in on the
next slide.
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Annoying God
the plague was
his punishment.
Looking at a victim
the disease was
spread by eye
contact.
Breathing bad air (miasma)
medieval towns were very
smelly and the smell was
supposed to contain diseases.
Drinking from
poisoned wells
Germans believed
the Jews werepoisoning drinking
water to kill off non-
Jews.
The position of the
planetsthe
relationship of the
planets and the
movement of theSun affected health.
An imbalance ofthe bodys four
humours
Galen cant be
wrong!
Touching a
victim.What did
people
believecaused the
Black
Death?
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How did people try to prevent or cure the
Plague?
On the next slide you will see some of the treatments
people at the time tried to prevent or cure the Plague.
What do the ideas on causes and treatments tell usabout medieval people's medical knowledge?
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Drink 10-year-
old treacle.
Eat arsenic
powder.
Sit in a sewer
the bad air of the
Plague will bedriven away by
the worse air of
the drains.
Eat crushed emeralds.
Strap a live
chicken
(shaved) to the
Plague sore.
Kill all the
dogs andcats in town.
Let the blood outof the patient.
Put herbs on
the fire to
make the air
smell sweet.
Run for
the hills.
How to
prevent the
Black Death
Go from
town to town
floggingyourself with
a whip.
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The golden age of Arabicmedicine(800-1300 A.D.)
When Europe was passingthrough the Dark Ages, the
Arabs stole a march over therest of the civilization.
Unani system of medicine-borrowed largely from theGreeks and Romans.
They founded schools ofmedicine and hospitals in
Baghdad,Damascus,Cairoand other Muslim capitals.
Arabs lit a brilliant torchfrom greecian lamps, saidOsler.
Abu Becr (865-925) also
known as Rhazes
Ibn Sina (980/1037) Avicenna
to the western world
Ali Ibn Isa al-kahhal(d.400-
1010) famous Arabic oculist
Ahmad Ibn
Miskawayh(d.421/1030)
Tahdhib al-Akhlaq(wrote first
time in a systematic manner on
the spiritual aspects of health
Abu Hamid al-Ghazali(441-
504/1058-1111) professor of
Islamic Science at Madrasah
Nizamiyyah
al-Mukhtar ibn
butlan(d.460/1068)
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Avicenna was an intellectualprodigy Rhazes was a director of alarge hospital in Baghdadand a court physician as well
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Colophon of RazisBook of Medicine
(Rhazes) Isolatedmany chemicalsubstances, producedmany medications,and manylaboratory apparatus
A drawing ofAvicenna from1271
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Rhazes, as noted for keen observationand inventiveness, he was the first toobserve pupillary reaction to light; to usemercurial purgatives; and to publish thefirst known book on Childrens diseases.
However, the work most highly regardedtoday is his book on smallpox andmeasles which he distinguished clinically.
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The effect of Arab medicine on the West
The Dark Ages might have been a time of chaos for Europe,
but further east a new, Islamic civilization was developingancient Greek medical ideas.
The Arabs admired thewritings of Hippocratesand
Galen. Medical students
studied them carefully. New
discoveries were made,
some of which challengedGalens ideas.
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When Europeans went on crusades to
the Holy Land in the 12th and 13thcenturies, their doctors gained first-hand
knowledge of Arab medicine, which was
advanced by Western standards.
The Muslims believed, however, that the Quran, their holy
book, held all the knowledge needed and did not encouragethe search for new discoveries. The Quran taught them to
look after the sick, and many large hospitals were built.
However, criticizing Galen was allowed, and so many new
discoveries were made in the Arabian empire, more thanwere made in Europe at the time.
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MIDDLE AGES ERA IN PREVENTIVEMEDICINE
Dawn of Scientific Medicine
The period following 1500 A.D. was marked byrevolutions- political, industrial, religious and
medical. Political revolutions took place in France and
America, people claiming their just rights.
The industrial revolution in the West broughtgreat benefits leading to an improvement inthe standard of living among people.
With advancing degrees of civilization, medicinealso evolved.
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PRESENTED BY: GROUP B
Roll Number: 16-32
MSC-PUBLIC HEALTH
PUNJAB UNIVERSITYCLASS OF PUBLIC HEALTHPRINCIPLES ANDPRACTICE:BYPROF.DR.ASHRAF MAJROOH
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