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Mit
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Harald Bolt
Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich
Energy materials research in the context of the SET Plan
E2C, Budapest, 29.10.2013
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• Role of materials in energy technologies• Example: Materials for extreme environments• Example: Electrochemical materials for SOFC• Materials for low carbon energy technologies• “Materials for Energy” in Europa
Contents
E2C 2013
Role of Materials in Energy Technologies
ENERGY
E-Generation
Effi
cien
cy
Con
vers
ion
Storage
BatteriesCatalystsNanoporous electrodes
Hydrogen storageFunctional nanomat.Nano-surfaces
Fuel cellsCatalystsNanostructured electrodesHigh mobility membranes
Turbines, Carbon capturSC and dirc. C alloysNanophase ceramicsMembranes
Structural nanomaterials• Lightweight for transportation• High insulation for buildings
Nanoelectronic materials• LED-lighting• Nano-carbon for „cool“ IT
Hydrogen generation(Photo-) catalystsNanostructured electrodes
PhotovoltaicsNanocrystall. semicond.Nanocomposites
J. Gobrecht, H. Bolt, Nanotechnologies for Energy Research, 27.05.2010
Fusion, Fission„Nano steels“CompositesWaste matrices
Example: Materials for extreme environments
Thermal loads in different technologies
power density MW/m2
1
Reentry vehicle
Rolls-Royce Trent 900
85Ariane 5 /Vulcain 2
20
ITER Divertor
2000
ELMs in ITER
PWR-fuel element
Extreme environment
Several severe loading conditions at the same time
Stationary heat flux: up to 20 MW/m2
up to 80 MW/m2 for minutes transient pulses: several GW/m2
up to 150 dpa,generation of H and He
Caused e.g. by• thermal gradients+external loads• dissimilar material compounds
Ions, atoms:• chemically reactive (ox., hydr.)• energetic (up to keV-range)
Space Electronics Fusion Advanced Fission
Spin-Offs
Protection Materials
x x x x
Heat Sink Materials
x x x x
Radiation Res. Materials
x x
Compound Technologies
x x x x x
Application fields and synergies
Potential spin-offs: - thermal hydrogen generation - very high temperature heat exchangers - new brake materials
• European Integrated Project• 37 European partners
(from 13 member states)
Fibre reinforced metal composites
Applications for new heat sink Materials
New Cu-based heat sink materials for different applications
Electronic powermodule - Al-SiC base(Siemens)
Thruster wall (EADS)
Divertor (Ansaldo)
Example: Fusion Demonstration Reactor DEMO
Heat removal requires aheat sink material with
- very high thermal conductivity- mechanical stability at high temperatures (>500°C)
CuCrZr, DS-Cu cannot be applied
Metal-matrix composites: SiCf- or Wf- reinforced Cu
Heat sink materials: Cu-based composites
DEMO – Divertor requirements
• heat flux: 10-15 MW/m2
• coolant: water 300°C or
helium ~ 450°C…600°C• neutron damage ~
30 dpa
New heat sink
materials: - SiCf reinforced Cu
Operation temperature:
300…550°C 100 µm
400 µm
Cu-MMCTube
300 °C
W
Heat flux
SiCf / Cu: Tomographic analysis
SiCf / Cu (20% fibers)
3D view of the voids in the Cu matrix150 µm
SiCf
Cu matrix
voids
V. Paffenholz, IPPM. Schöbel, TUW
Tomography at ESRF, beamline ID-15A:≤ 2 µm/pixel, 10 s / scan
Interface engineering of SiCf–Cu composites
5 µm SiC-fibre
titaniumm
PVD-copper
gal. copper
titanium
PVD-copper
gal. copper
SiC-fibre 20 µm
A. Brendel, IPP
matrix deformation
10 µm
Twin
formation
Interfacial shear strength: 70 MPa Interfacial friction strength: 54 MPa
Push-out experiments
Laser flash measurments
Thermal conductivity of SiC fibre reinforced copper (νf=14%) in fibre direction is comparable with CuCrZr.
0 100 200 300 400 500200
250
300
350
400
CuCrZr ITER Grade MMC with v
f = 30 %
MMC with vf = 14 %
Th
erm
al C
on
du
ctiv
ity in
W/m
K
Temperature in °C
*G. Kalinin, R. Matera / Journal of Nuclear Materials 258-263 (1998) 345-350
1 mm
SiCf-Cu: Thermal conductivity
A. Brendel, S. Lindig, IPP
Example: Electrochemical materials for SOFC
SOFC
Nachbrenner
Reformer
Wasser
Kraftstoff
Luft
Abgas
Abluft
IWV 3
cells
stacks
systemevaluation
systemanalysis
analytics &diagnostics
modelling & simulationmaterials
systemdesign
componentssystem
verification
characterisation
Fuel cells
value chain: from materials to systems
SOFC Development
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
Relevance of materials technologies
FZ Juelich, IEK, ZEA
Long time stability of SOFC stack
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
Materials engineering provided step change in durability
24,000 h0.18%/kh
FZ Juelich, IEK, ZEA
Materials for low carbon energy technologies
Role of Materials in Energy Technologies
ENERGY
E-Generation
Effi
cien
cy
Con
vers
ion
Storage
BatteriesCatalystsNanoporous electrodes
Hydrogen storageFunctional nanomat.Nano-surfaces
Fuel cellsCatalystsNanostructured electrodesHigh mobility membranes
Turbines, Carbon capturSC and dirc. C alloysNanophase ceramicsMembranes
Structural nanomaterials• Lightweight for transportation• High insulation for buildings
Nanoelectronic materials• LED-lighting• Nano-carbon for „cool“ IT
Hydrogen generation(Photo-) catalystsNanostructured electrodes
PhotovoltaicsNanocrystall. semicond.Nanocomposites
J. Gobrecht, H. Bolt, Nanotechnologies for Energy Research, 27.05.2010
Fusion, Fission„Nano steels“CompositesWaste matrices
Further advances in energy materials require
functional materials design
modelling/simulation
innovative processing routes (at industrial scale)
characterization: functional, often at atomic level, time resolved
operational testing and in operando characterization
lifetime assessment/prediction
Understanding Functional Energy Materialsrequires characterization on the atomic scale using X-rays, Neutrons and Electrons
J. Gobrecht, H. Bolt, Nanotechnologies for Energy Research, 27.05.2010
Microscopy at the picometer scale
Titan 80-300: primary resolution 80 pm, atom positions: down to 5 pm
aberration correction
Example:HexagonalBSCF-ceramic
Computer simulation of a fullerene molecule (white) moving a helium atom fluid (green) through a carbon nanotube (blue)
Simulation ScienceUnderstanding and optimizing functional nanomaterials by „virtual experiments“
„Materials for Energy“ in Europa
EU Commission: Road mapping exercise to define materials research priorities toward the SET-Plan goals
• 10 Energy materials road maps:a) Windb) Photovoltaicsc) Electricity storaged) Hydrogen and fuel cellse) Concentrated solar powerf) Gridg) Bio Energyh) Novel materials for fossil energy sector (including CCS)i) Materials for nuclear fissionj) Energy efficient buildings
• Chapters on cross-cutting synergies and methods (e.g. modelling/simulation, materials characterization)and on overarching issues (sustainability assessments,standardization)
SET-Plan Materials Road Map (28.11.2011)
Elements and Actors in Europe
SET-Plan: Strategic Energy Technology Plan Materials Roadmap enabling Low Carbon Energy Technologies
ESFRI: European Strategic Forum on Research Infrastructures European Materials Characterization Platform EERA: European Energy Research Alliance Network with joint programmes
EMIRI: European Energy Materials Industrial Research Initiative
EUA-EPUE: Energy Platform of the European Universities Association
EIT-KICs: InnoEnergy and Climate KIC: supporting new business
Documents related to „Materials for low carbon technologies“
http://setis.ec.europa.eu/setis-deliverables/materials-roadmap
Mit
glie
d d
er
Helm
holt
z-G
em
ein
sch
aft
• Role of materials in energy technologies• Example: Materials for extreme environments• Example: Electrochemical materials for SOFC• Materials for low carbon energy technologies• “Materials for Energy” in Europa
Contents
E2C 2013
Thank you for your attention
Including contributions from:Aurelia Herrmann, Annegret Brendel, Christian Linsmeier, Freimut Koch,Carmen Garcia-Rosales*, Jochen Linke**, Verena Paffenholz, Carmen Höschen;Stephan Lindig, Jeong-ha You, Gabi Matern, Susanne Köppl, Till Höschen, Martin Schöbel***, Stefan Kimmig, and further colleagues
Max Planck Institut für Plasmaphysik*CEIT**Forschungszentrum Jülich***TU Wien
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