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Modern English1800-2005
English 1720
British Colonies 1763
Declaration of Indepence 1776
British Colonies 1815
British Empire 1918-1939
Languages of India
English-speaking countries 2000
British Empire 1918-1939 English-speaking countries 2000
English in Europe
English in North America
English in the Caribbean
English in Africa
English in Asia and the Pacific
English as a world language
English is the language of all
international affairs: politics, economy,
culture, science, air traffic, sports.
Globalisation
• Political dominance of the US
• World wide trading relationships
• Increasing mobility
• The Internet
The Future of English
Will the world end up with only one language?
Will English become the native language of the world?
The growth of the vocabulary
English has acquired many new words for new scientific and technological concepts.
The bulk of the new vocabulary is only known to the specialst, but some words have become part of the everyday language.
Transportation
automobile traffic lightcar windshield train freewaytruck clutchplane gearshiftrailroad to parkairport to tune up
Electronic media
cinema videotapemovie VCRfilm DVDbroadcast stereotelevision radiocable TV soap operatelephone antennacell phone microphone
Computer
computer PCsoftware modemhardware RAMmouse bytecursor internetdownload emailto surf the internet hackervirus firewallspam mail CD-ROM
Medicine
AIDS proteinsAntibiotics cholesterolvaccine carbohydrateclinic EKGinjection DNAhormones x-raysaspirin schizophrenicinsulin immune system
Food
chili Goulashenchilada tofutaco mueslinachos pizzajunk food coca colaFrench fries pepsipotato chips gyroshamburger muffin
French
chef chauffeurmenu couponbeige elitegourmet garagerestaurant genreau pair semantics
Spanish
gringo nachosmustang enchiladaranch chilibronco taco
Italian
lasagna mafiapasta fiascosalami inferno
Japanese
judo bonsaitycoon karatekaraoke geishakamikaze hara-kiri
Yiddish
kosher to schlepbagel to schwitz
German
German
kindergarten leitmotifzeitgeist angstgestalt festschriftpretzel weltanschauungschnaps poodlestrudel to yodel
Compounding
fire extinguisher streamlinelipstick skylinerailroad airplanejet lag airportjunk food space shuttlelifestyle to skydiveroller blades to outsource
Affixation
transoceanic postmodernismtranscontinental postcolonialismtrans-Siberian postgraduate studytransliterate post docprenatal decodepreschool defrostpreregistration deflateprehistoric debunk
Blends
brunch Friscomotel Amtrackchunnel trafficator smog fantabuloussnark chortle
Brand names
sandwich shrapnelkodak boycottcola limousinecamembert tabasco
Acronyms
Radar radio detecting and ranging)
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrom
OPEC Organization of Petrolium
Exporting Countries
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Metaphor
hardware garbage can
mouse desktop
memory file
language window
program email
spyware firewall
virus antivirus
Phonological changes
Flapping of [t] in American English:
laddermatterwriter
Spelling pronunciations
foreheadclapboard
calm, psalm, palm, balm
chalk, folk
Strong-weak verbs
OLD NEWabide abode abidedmow mew mowedsaw sew sawedstrive strove strivedswell swoll swelledThrive throve thrived
Relative pronoun
1.Which can no longer be used with a human antecedent.
2. Which and that mark the contrast between restrictive and non-restrictive relatives.
3. In SUBJ-relatives, the relative pronoun is obligatory.
(1) *He talked to the man __ bought our company.
(2) He talked to the man Jack met __ on the street.
Prepositions and conjunctions
(1) granted, pending(2) in front of, on the basis of
(3) assuming that, given that(4) on grounds that, in view of the fact that
Standard use New common useconvince of convince aboutmarried to married withtake charge of take charge overin search of in search for
Passive progressive
(1) My car is being broken.(2) My house is being painted.(3) This problem is being discussed at today’s
meeting.
(1’) My car is repairing.(2’) My house is painting.(3’) This problem is discussing today’s meeting.
Get passive
(1) The walls were painted.
(2) The walls got painted.
Gonna future
I am going to marry Bill. [i.e. I am leaving in order to marry Bill]
I [am going [to marry [Bill]]].
>>> I [[[am [going to]] marry] [Bill]]
Lexical expressions and grammatical markers
Lexical Grammaticalnoun prepositions
verbs conjunctions
adjectives pronouns
auxiliaries
bound morphemes
Grammaticalization
Source Target: AUX
go (motion) gonna
will (intention) will
have (possession) have
Grammaticalization
Source Target: P
during (verb) during
in front of (PP) in front of
a-gone (PRE-verb) ago
Grammaticalization
Source Target: CONJ
by cause (PP) because
DEM while SUB while
given given
Grammaticalization
Source Target: PRO/ART
some body (NP) somebody
one (numeral) the one
one (numeral) a
Grammaticalization
Source Target: Discourse
do you know y‘know
I think (I) think
I guess (I) guess
Grammaticalization
Source Target: Bound
NOUN -ly
NOUN -hood
did -ed
Grammaticalization
Grammaticalization is cross-linguistically
so pervasive that some linguists
suggested that all grammatical
expressions are eventually derived from a
lexical source.
The grammaticalization of demonstratives
There is at least one other class for the development of grammatical markers: demonstratives.
Demonstratives provide a frequent historical source for a wide variety of grammatical expressions: articles, relative and third person pronouns, sentence connectives, copulas, directional preverbs, focus markers etc.
The grammaticalization of demonstratives
Hans bemerkte, dass jemand, den er heute noch nicht gesehen hatte, zu Franz hinüberging, nachdem dieser den Raum betrat.
The grammaticalization of demonstratives
Hans bemerkte, dass jemand, den er heute noch nicht gesehen hatte, zu Franz hinüberging, nachdem dieser den Raum betrat.
The grammaticalization of demonstratives
There is no evidence from any language
that demonstratives developed from lexical
expressions.
The grammaticalization of demonstratives
Are demonstratives grammatical markers?
The grammaticalization of demonstratives
Demonstratives function to establish
joint attention, which is one of the most
fundamental functions of human
communication.
The grammaticalization of demonstratives
Demonstratives have a special status in
language: They are part of the basic
vocabulary of every language.
The grammaticalization of demonstratives
lexicallexical expressions demonstratives
grammatical markers
Grammaticalization and linguistic theory
Grammaticalization is of central signifiance for
the theory of language:
1.Challenges rigid division between lexicon
and grammar.
2.Suggests that grammar is a dynamic model.
3. Supports the hypothesis that grammatical
categories have a prototype structure.
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