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Mortality Outcome PredictorsMortality Outcome PredictorsG. Van den BergheG. Van den Berghe Frontiers in NeuroendocrinologyFrontiers in Neuroendocrinology
23 (2002) : 370-39123 (2002) : 370-391
Van Den Berghe G, et al. Intensive Insulin Van Den Berghe G, et al. Intensive Insulin Therapy in Critically Ill Patients. Therapy in Critically Ill Patients. N Engl J Med N Engl J Med
2001; 345:1359-13672001; 345:1359-1367
N = 1548 ptsProspective,randomized,controlled StudyIntensive Insulin Therapy [Glu=80-110]Conventional Insulin Therapy [Glu=180-
200]
Diet : 20-30 kcalNP/kg/d, 0.13-0.26 g N/kg/d,
20-40% of kcalNP Lipids.
Van Den Berghe G, et al. Intensive Insulin Van Den Berghe G, et al. Intensive Insulin Therapy in Critically Ill Patients. Therapy in Critically Ill Patients. N Engl J Med N Engl J Med
2001; 345:1359-13672001; 345:1359-1367
[Van den Berghe G, et al. Crit care [Van den Berghe G, et al. Crit care Med 2003; 31:359-366]Med 2003; 31:359-366]
Glycemic Control: [80-110 mg/dl]
Crit Illness Polyneuropathy Bactermia Inflammation Anemia Reduction of Mortality
Insulin Dose: Preventive Effect on
ARF Reduction of Mortality Inflammation
rGH Therapy in Critical IllnessrGH Therapy in Critical Illness
Finnish ( N=170) and MultiNational (N=190)
Enrolled > 5 ICU days; rGH = 5.3/8.0 mg/d
Hyperglycemia and Insulin Suppl
Sepsis and MOF,
Improved Nitrogen Balance (Finnish)
rGH Supplementation Mortality RR= 2.4[Takala J, et al. Increased Mortality associated with Growth Hormone Treatment
in Critically Ill Patients. N Engl J Med 1999;341:785-92]
Hypothalamic Secretagogues for Hypothalamic Secretagogues for Pituitary and Metabolic ImprovementPituitary and Metabolic Improvement
N=14, Prolonged Illness> 14 ICU days
GHRP-2 + TRH for 5 day therapy crossing over to placebo
6:00 am GHRP-2 bolus 1 mcg/kg and TRH bolus of 1 mcg/kg, then
continuous infusion of 1mcg/kg/hr
Restored the pulsatile profile of GH and TSH and + peripheral responses (IGF-I, IGFBP-3, ALS,Leptin, Insulin)
No effect of Cortisol levels Improved Urea to creatinine ratio [Van den Berghe G, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84: 1311-1323, 1999]
Neuroendocrine Axis Modulation in Neuroendocrine Axis Modulation in Acute IllnessAcute Illness
[Acker CG, et al. A trial of thyroxine in ARF. Kidney Int 2000;57:293-298]
Triiodothyronine Suppl (T3)Mortality
[Bettendorf M, et al. Lancet 2000 Aug 12; 356(9229):529-34]
40 Postop Cardiac Children , Randomized, Blinded
2mcg/kg T3 on Day 1, thereafter 1mcg/kg/dImproved Cardiac Index: 20% (T3) vs 10% (Placebo)
Future Nutritional AdaptionsFuture Nutritional Adaptions
Potential Endocrine Intervention in ARF: Ding H, et al. J Clin Invest 1993; 91:2281-7
IGF-1 Accelerate Regeneration in ARF,
Improved Nitrogen Balance Hirschberg R, et al. Kidney Int 1999; 55:2423-32
IGF-1 No clinical effect in ARF patients
Lipid Utilization:Critical IllnessLipid Utilization:Critical Illness
Fatty Acids
Oxidation Fat Accrual(Acute) (Prolonged) Leptin
NEA : LeptinNEA : Leptin
Source –Adipocyte, pulsatile release 16 -kDa Protein hormone, encoded “ob”gene
Actions: Appetite Control (Neuropeptide Y) Substrate (Fat) Utilization Bone Metabolism
Pediatric NutritionPediatric Nutrition
Components of Pediatric Nutrition in ARF:
1. Growth and Development of Child
2. Cessation anabolic growth during acute
illness:
A.Maintenance of Cellular Metabolism
B. Repair / Healing Process
Nutrition in ARFNutrition in ARF
Acute Renal Failure Nutritional Effects:
1. High Protein Catabolic Rate
2. Altered Amino Acid Profile
3. Altered Substrate Utilization and Elimination
4. Altered Renal Solute Clearance and UF
5. Altered Renal Synthetic Function
Nutrition in ARFNutrition in ARF
Protein Support in Acute Renal Failure:Additive Losses by RRTNitrogen Balance – Can it Occur in ARF?Special AA formulations??Additional Cellular Agonists/Antagonists of
Muscle Protein turnover
Critical Care NutritionCritical Care Nutrition
Nutritional Components of Critical Illness:
1. Daily Energy Needs/Expenditure
2. Energy Formulation
3. Substrate Utilization
4. Stage of Critical Illness- Neuroendocrine Axis
5. Euglycemic Control
Nutrition in Pediatric ARFNutrition in Pediatric ARF
Age ( ~m2) BMR*(kcal/m2/hr) REE (kcal/d) 0-1 (.34-.45) 53 320-500 2-6 (.58-.8) 52-47 740-950 7-10 (1.0) 47-42 1130 11-14(m/1.4) 43-42 1440 11-14(f/1.4) 42-39 1310 15-18(m/1.7) 41-40 1760 15-18(f/1.6) 37-35 1370 BMR* from Fleisch table of basal met standards
Developmental/Age Effect on Energy Developmental/Age Effect on Energy and Protein Needs (RDA)and Protein Needs (RDA)
Age Wt BMR REE RDA Protein N:Calorie
Infant 9 53 500 972 2 1:337
Child 30 43 1130 2400 1.2 1:416
Adoles 70 40 1760 2700 0.8 1:301
Healthy: Nitrogen to Calories ~ 1:350
Critical Illness: Nitrogen to Calories ~ 1:150
Estimation of Energy NeedsEstimation of Energy Needs
Harris Benedict Equation:Males BEE = 66 + (13.7 x W(kg)) + (5 x
H(cm)) – (6.8 x A (yr))
Females BEE= 655 + (9.6 x W(kg)) + (1.7 x
H(cm)) – (4.7 x A (yr))
Energy Requirements in Energy Requirements in IllnessIllness
Stress Factors Relative Contribution on Hypermetabolic Needs:
Burns 1.2 –2.0 x BEENeoplasm 1.1-1.3 x BEEMultiple Trauma 1.2-1.4 x BEESevere Infection/Sepsis 1.2-1.4 x BEE
Measurement of REEMeasurement of REE
Indirect Calorimetry
REE (kcal/d) = VO2 (L/min) x 4.3(kcal/L)
+ VCO2 (L/min) x 1.1 (kcal/L) x 1440
Steady state of activity, FiO2 ~60% or less,
minimal leak (Vti ~Vte)
RQ MeasurementsRQ Measurements
Respiratory Quotient (R) : VCO2/VO2
Substrate RCarbohydrate 1.0Protein 0.8Fat 0.7Synthesis of fat >1.0
Recommended