View
233
Download
2
Category
Tags:
Preview:
Citation preview
Nationalism in Russia
1825-1905
The Modernization of Russia:
McKay (835-838)
Palmer 13.67, 16.84
18.92
Where’s my green sweatshirt
Russia 1815-1905
1815 1825 1853 1861 1881 1905
-Dynastic Crisis-Decembrist Revolt
Holy Alliance Formed
Crimean War (1853-
1856)
Official Nationalism
Alexander II (the Great Reformer)
becomes Tsar (1855)
Emancipation Act
Edicts of 1864 (Legal equality,
political representation
Alexander II assassinated by People’s
Will
Count Witte begins
Industrial reform (1882)
Bloody Sunday begins
Revolution of 1905
Russo-Japanese
War
Russia under Nicholas I• Decembrist Revolt (1825)
– Liberal officers led coup in favor of:• Constantine & Constitution• Elimination of serfdom
– Crushed by Nicholas I (1825-1855)• Nicholas I
– Ruled as autocrat– Disliked serfdom but was afraid of angering
Boyars– Utilized censorship, secret police (Third Section)
• Reform– Codified Russia Law (1833)
• Official Nationality– Program of state controlled Russian nationalism– “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationalism”– Slogan found in schoolbooks, newspapers, etc.– Russian Orthodox Church
• Charged with education & morality– Russians taught to accept place in society (no
upward mobility)– Taught to view Tsar of father figure & protector– Taught to see Mother Russia (language, culture,
customs) as a safeguard against the immorality of the West
It is our common obligation to ensure that the education of the people be conducted, according to Supreme intention of our August Monarch, in the joint spirit of Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationality. I am convinced that every professor and teacher, being permeated by one and the same feeling of devotion to the throne and fatherland, will use all his resources to become a worthy tool for the government and to earn its complete confidence. Sergey Uvarov, Minister of Education
Crimean War 1853-1856• War between Russia and England/ France
– Also Ottoman Empire, Piedmont-Sardinia• Exposed how woefully behind Russia was to
the West• Immediate Cause
– War began over dispute between Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox monks over guardianship of Jerusalem’s holy places
– France pressured the Ottoman sultan to grant Catholics special privileges
– Russian demanded Orthodox monks be given priviledges
• Long-term Causes– Napoleon III also looking for glory– The Eastern Question
• weakness of Ottoman Empire– Russia’s desire for war water port,
Constantinople– Great Britain concern of Russian expansion
• When negotiations broke down, Britain and France sent their fleets to the Aegean Sea, and in October 1853 the sultan declared war on Russia
Church of Holy Sepulcher
Characteristics of Crimean War• War noted for tactical and logistical
ineptitude on both sides• Considered first “modern” war
– Use of telegraph, RR– Florence Nightingale
• Founder of modern nursing• Called attention to poor
hygiene of medical staff treating wounded
• “Lady with the lamp”– Title given for her nightly
visits to wounded• 1st War documented, photographed
and reported daily– British press kept public informed
Results of Crimean War• Russia lost • Religious issue settled
– Orthodox and Catholics share hoy sites
• Congress of Paris (1856) – Russia forced to cede
some territory – accepts a ban on
warships in the Black Sea
• exposed the weakness of Russia– Leads new Tsar to
embark on major reform movement
Tsarist Russia after 1856• Outcomes of the Crimean War
showed the strength of the western nations and the backwardness of the “enormous village”
• Huge empire (Poland to Pacific) was unable to repel the limited but efficient attacks of the West
• Illiterate & unmotivated serfs were unproductive famers and poor soldiers
• Alexander II (1855-1881)– Assumed Tsardom during
the war– Not a born liberal but knew
he had to act
Westernizers v. Slavophiles• Two major perspectives of what Russia was:
– Westernizers: Russia is backward• Should be more like the West
• Petr Chaadayev– Philosophical Letters said that Russia
had lagged behind Western countries and had contributed nothing to the world's progress
– Slavophiles: Russia is special• Rejected West (Industrial Revolution,
selfish capitalism)• Celebrated Orthodox faith & extended
family of Russian serfs• “We (AP European Students of LM) are a
backward people and therein lies our salvation. We must thank destiny that we have not lived the life of Europe…we do not want its proletariat, its aristocratic system..
Uniqueness of Russia
• “Three Fundamental Institutions”– Autocracy of Tsar– Serfdom– Intelligentsia
Autocracy of the Tsar• Russia’s 1st fundamental institution was
autocracy– Monopoly of power by Tsar and Boyars– Controlled press, education
• But it wasn’t exactly like absolutism (Louis XIV)• European conceptions were missing
– West viewed spiritual authority as independent of state authority (separation of Church and State)
– West believe People have certain rights or claims for justice (English Bill of Rights, Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, absolutist limited by reason or social contract)
• Rule by law was substituted with ukase (arbitrary laws created by tsar), police action, and the army
• Developing technology was replaced with importing technology and forcing reforms onto the population
• “the Russian empire was a machine superimposed upon its people without organic connection (bureaucracy pure and simple)”
Russian Serfdom• 2nd fundamental institution was serfdom• Majority of population were serfs• Resembled American slavery
– Serfs were owned, could be bought and sold, used in occupation other than agriculture (factories, mechanics, evening migrating city workers)
• Since Pugachev Rebellion, Boyars had nearly absolute control of lives of their serfs
• Many absentee landlords– Not interested in agricultural
improvements• Wasn’t profitable anymore• Made the muzhiks (like Kelly Duffy and
Gabriel Castor) into “illiterate …drudges, without incentive, initiative, self-respect, or pride of workmanship”
• Made for very poor soldiers
Intelligentsia• 3rd fundamental institution (arose in mid 1800s was
the intelligentsia• Educated Russians were full of Western Ideas
– But unlike the West they were estranged from the government, from the Church, from the uneducated peasants, gov. occupations (unlike England and France)
– Free to think but had no vehicle to bring change • Made up of students, university graduates, people
who had time to read• tended to adopt sweeping & all-embracing
philosophies• Land and Freedom- chief radical society
– Intelligentsia radicals– Looked for the “Real Russia” among the peasants
(serfs) during the 1870s– Hoped to instruct them of their role in upcoming
revolution– Most turned over to police
• People’s Will – Splinter group from Land and Freedom– Violent Revolutionaries
The Emancipation Act of 1861• Serfdom was abolished
by an imperial ukase of 1861 decree
• But what would happen to the labor system, the food supply? How would the Boyars be appeased?
• Needed to avoid throwing the labor system into chaos
• Alexander II set up a special branch of gov to figure this out
Act of Emancipation of 1861
• It did:• End serfdom• Allocated about
50% of cultivated land to gentry and 50% to former serfs
• Serf had to pay redemption to gentry
• It did not:• Really “Free” the
peasant– Bound to Mir
• Weaken the gentry– Now had
possession of ½ arable land, received redemption $, free of serf responsibility
The Mir• Peasants did not own property in western
sense (private individual)• Peasant land became Mir or village
(collective) property• Village Elders were responsible to the gov
for payment of the redemption– Could demand forced labor from
members who defaulted on their portion of the redemption
– Could prevent peasants from moving away (would leave them with burden of paying redemption)
• Mir periodically reassigned lands to village members (depending of family size) & supervised cultivation (Open field & Three Field system)
• Land could not be sold outside the village– Discouraged the investment of outside
capital– Discouraged individual initiative
• Result: Agriculture in Russia would lag behind the west
The Kulaks• Most peasants belonged to a Mir• A few became individual landowners
called Kulaks• Kulaks
– Came to mean "tight-fisted"– More well-to-do peasants– Owned and/or rented land from the
gentry – hired other peasants to work– Led to growing resentment– Held up a paradigm by Stolypin
during 1890s– Labeled as “class enemies” by
Marxist-Leninists– Eventually “liquidated” by Stalin in
1931
Ukase of 1864• Ukase (Edict) of 1864
allowed for:– Public trials– Right to representation (with
lawyers of their own choosing)
• Class distinctions in judicial matters were abolished
– clear sequence of lower and higher courts was established
– Training for judges on state salaries
– Jury trials– IE. Established the rule of law
Zemstvos• Another edict of 1864
– established a system of provincial and district councils (IE. Local government)
• Called Zemstvos– Members were elected by
peasants and other elements– A group of Mirs made up a
Volost– A group of Volost made up a
Zemstvos– Took care of education,
medical relief, public welfare, food supply and road maintenance
– Began to develop a sense of civic responsibility among its members
Zemstvo having a dinner by Grigoriy Myasoyedov. 1872
LM Cafeteria
Ukase of 1874 (Military Reform)• Largest army humiliated in
Crimean War• 25 year conscription service
– Village held dirge-like procession for departing soldiers
• Illiterate serfs (like Jordan Freed) did not know their left from their right
• Told to use their “bayonets before bullets”
• Often seized (impressments) serfs from families
• Harsh & brutal discipline• Edict of 1874
– Lessened service to 6 years active (9 years in reserve)
Rise of Revolutionaries• Mikhail Bakunin
– Russian Intelligentsia– Broke with LaSallian Socialist and Marxist at
the First International in Geneva (1866)– Believed there was no compromising no compromising with
existing government – Believed that violence was necessaryviolence was necessary
• Marxism rejects terrorism because socialism needed no prodding (it was inevitable)
• People’s Justice – Bukunin’s pamphlet called for terrorism
against tsarist officials and liberals too!• Catechism of a Revolutionist stated
– that true revolutionary is “devoured by one purpose, one thought, one passion—the revolution.”
– “Everything that promotes the success of the revolution is moral, everything which hinders it is immoral.”
Bakunin speaking to members of the IWA at the Basel Congress in 1869
Assassination of Tsar Alexander III• In order to stem the rise
of radical socialist the Czar turned to the liberalism 1880– Liberals demanded
follow through with earlier reforms
• Czar abolished the secret police (Third Section) of Nicholas I
• Allowed more freedom of the press
• Agreed to a pseudo-parliamentary system on March 13, 1881
• March 13, 1881 Alexander II was assassinated by the People’s Will
The assassination of Alexander II. Drawing by G. Broling 1881
Alexander III(1881 to 1894)• Reactionary son of
Alexander II• Abandoned his father’s
idea of parliamentary-like gov
• allowed peasant emancipation, judicial reform and zemstvos to continue
– Exiled Revolutionaries– People’s Will was
crushed– Jews were subjected to
pogroms
Russification• Alexander III’s forced assimilation into
Russian culture– Poles, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Armenians,
Germans in the east, Muslims in the south central regions made to adopt Russia language and culture
– Konstantin Pobiedonostsev • Russian nationalist and Reactionary
procurator of Holy Synod of Russian Orthodox Church
• Adviser to Alexander II, III, and Nicolas II
• A Russian Fitche/ Turnvater Jahn• main proponent of Russification
– Saw WestWest as a doomeddoomed culture– Attacked rationalism, liberalism– Said Slavs had unique character– Promoted idea of Tsar as divine
Industrialization before 1914• Russia began to industrialize during the 1880s
– Financed by European capital – $4 billion in Russia by 1914
• Count Witte– reform minister– put Russia on gold standard
• made Ruble convertible into other currencies
– Railway mileage doubled between 1888-1913– Built RR to Vladivostok (transcontinental)– Exports and imports increased
• Ex=400 million rubes (1880) to 1.6 Billion in 1913
• Imports rose 5xs same period• Factories
– Largely foreign (French) owned• highly concentrated into large factories (500+)• Was easiereasier for workersworkers to mobilize politicallymobilize politically
The shell-shop of the Putilov works,
St Petersburg 1903
Russian Tsardom build over a volcano of repressed isms
Peasant Demands Liberal
Cadets Demands
Proletariat demands
Radical Intelligentiademands
Political Parties (1900)“Political Parties” began to
emerge by 1900• Included
1. Constitutional Democrats2. Social Revolutionaries3. Social Democrats
• reflected mounting discontent• Not parties in western sense
– not organized to get a candidate elected
– No elections in Russia except Zemstvo
• Parties were really propaganda agencies
• Worked underground
The “Kadets”• Constitutional Democratic Party
(1905)• Named derived from abbreviation
of Constitutional Democrats (KD)• Formed by business,
professional class and capitalistic landowners, lawyers
• Liberal, progressive, Liberal, progressive, constitutionalistsconstitutionalists
• Favor constitutional monarchy, written constitution, limited enfranchisement
• Not connected to issues/concerns of the urban worker or peasant– Remember Frankfurt
Assembly in 1848
Later disparaged as party controlled by Jews in this anti-Semitic poster by the Bolsheviks
Social Democratic Labor party• Orthodox Marxist• Nonviolent• Admired German Social
Democratic (Lassalians)– Thought Russia must develop
capitalism and an industrialist proletariat, (class struggle) before revolution (Orthodox Marxist)
– Looked to urban proletariat as a support base
– Ridiculed the mir• Disapproved of assassination,
terrorism• Later called the Mensheviks
Tsar Policy• Government refused to make any concessions• 1894 Nicholas II
– Had narrow outlook– Little FatherLittle Father was taught by Pobiedonostsev
(Pobie) that any criticism as un-Russian & democracy was "the insupportable dictatorship of vulgar crowd".
– Pobedonostsev condemned elections, condemned elections, representation and democracy, the jury representation and democracy, the jury system, the press, free education, charities, system, the press, free education, charities, and social reformsand social reforms
– Nicholas II • Similar to Louis XVI (Family man, trained
to rule, but too young, too indecisive) • Promoted autocracy
– God-given, best and only form of gov in Russia
• With growing discontent Nick needed a distraction
• Plehve, the Chief Minister hoped for quick war with Japan that would forge patriotism
Russo-Japanese War• Russia and Japan both wanted Manchuria
– Japanese need natural resourcesnatural resources– Russians wanted a rail way to rail way to
VladivostokVladivostok• Russia needed a distraction from criticisms
of Tsardom at home• Tsar’s advisors were racist and didn’t believe
an Asian nation could mount an fight against the Russia Bear
• Russo-Japanese War (1904)– Japan attacked Port Arthur– Armies entered Manchuria– Battle of Mukden
• 624,000 men were engaged• Largest battle ever• Russia defeated on land
– Russians sent the Baltic fleet to Japan• Tsushima Strait the Russia lost 2/3 of
its navy• Russia humiliated
The Russian Navy socks the Japanese Fleet in the kisser.One of many over-confident pre-war Russian propaganda cartoons
“Bloody Sunday” 1905• Father Gapon
– Orthodox priest– lead peaceful procession
of 200 thousand factory workers & their families to Tsar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg
– believed that Little Father would rectify the evils
– Asked for 8 hrs workday, minimum wage (1 ruble), recall of bad officials, a Constituent Assembly
• Sang “God save the Tsar”• Troops shot and killed
hundreds
Reactions to “Bloody Sunday”• Dissolved the moral bond between the
people and the Tsar’s government (Little Father)
• Councils or soviets were formed in formed in Moscow and St. PetersburgMoscow and St. Petersburg
• Peasants erupted in revolt– Burned manor houses, beating up
land owners• Remember the Great FearGreat Fear
• Social Revolutionaries tried to direct the peasant revolts
• Constitutional Democrats tried to seize leadership of the revolution
• All wanted more democratic representation
• 8/1905 the Tsar calls for an Estates General– Peasants, landowners and city people
would vote as separate classes
The October Manifesto• October Manifesto• Tsar proclamation meant to placate the Revolution of 1905• Grants
– ConstitutionConstitution– civil libertiescivil liberties– DumaDuma
• Parliamentary gov. Parliamentary gov. to be elected by all powers alike with powers to enact laws
• Tsar’s real intention was to divide opposition (which it did)• Constitutional Democrats (Kadets)
– Liberal Bourgeoisie liked the the Duma– Feared Social Democrats– Did not identify with workers or peasants
• Social Democrats– (correctly) believedbelieved that the October Man was a October Man was a
deception deception which the Tsar would renege on • Peasants and workers were not satisfied
– wanted more land and less taxes• Workers wanted a shorter working day and a living wage• Social Democratic party splits
Social Revolutionary Party (1906)• Derived from the People’s Will
and Social Democratic Party• Admired mir as a viable form of
communism• Unorthodox Marxist
– Violent Marxist revolutionaries– Believed capitalism stage could
be skipped– Did not need to go from
agricultural to industrial stage to socialist-communist stage
– Russia skip capitalismskip capitalism and go directly to a communist society
– Later known as the Bolsheviks
Europe on Eve of WWI
Recommended