New Technologies for Challenging Situations – Perennial and Nursery Crops in California S....

New Technologies for Challenging New Technologies for Challenging Situations – Perennial and Nursery Situations – Perennial and Nursery

Crops in CaliforniaCrops in California

S. Schneider, T. Trout, J. GerikS. Schneider, T. Trout, J. GerikUSDA ARS, Parlier, CAUSDA ARS, Parlier, CA

H. Ajwa, B. WesterdahlH. Ajwa, B. WesterdahlU C, DavisU C, Davis

Challenging SituationsChallenging Situations Field Nursery CropsField Nursery Crops

• strict nematode control strict nematode control regulations in Californiaregulations in California

• efficacy needed to 150 cmefficacy needed to 150 cm

• crop rescue if nematode crop rescue if nematode management failsmanagement fails

Challenging SituationsChallenging Situations Perennial Crop ReplantPerennial Crop Replant

• roots from previous crop can roots from previous crop can harbor nematodes deep in the harbor nematodes deep in the soilsoil

• management is needed for more management is needed for more than one seasonthan one season

• ““minor” failures compound over minor” failures compound over the life of the vineyard or orchardthe life of the vineyard or orchard

Challenging SituationsChallenging SituationsOrnamental CropsOrnamental Crops

• diversity of cropping systemsdiversity of cropping systems– 145 crops/grower at one time145 crops/grower at one time

• short cropping cycleshort cropping cycle– residual activity of pesticidesresidual activity of pesticides

• proximity to urban areasproximity to urban areas

Common IssuesCommon Issues

diversity of soil typesdiversity of soil types diversity of climatesdiversity of climates diversity of pests & pathogensdiversity of pests & pathogens dependence on methyl bromidedependence on methyl bromide

Potential SolutionsPotential Solutions new materials new materials new application technologies new application technologies rescue technologiesrescue technologies site-specific managementsite-specific management innovative combinations of all innovative combinations of all

tools availabletools available

New MaterialsNew Materials

covered previously by Dr. covered previously by Dr. Rodriquez-KabanaRodriquez-Kabana

Performance in perennial, Performance in perennial, nursery, and ornamental nursery, and ornamental systems will be presentedsystems will be presented

Application TechnologiesApplication Technologies Drip Irrigation Systems as a delivery Drip Irrigation Systems as a delivery

vehicle for fumigantsvehicle for fumigants• closed systemclosed system• use water to move emulsified materialsuse water to move emulsified materials• adapt to distribution pattern neededadapt to distribution pattern needed

– bed vs. broadcastbed vs. broadcast– shallow vs. deepshallow vs. deep

• post-plant applications of supplemental post-plant applications of supplemental materialsmaterials

Optimization of Drip Optimization of Drip FumigationFumigation

Optimization of Drip Optimization of Drip FumigationFumigation

application rate; minimum efficacious rate for application rate; minimum efficacious rate for drip fumigation vs. shank injectiondrip fumigation vs. shank injection

amount of irrigation water needed for optimum amount of irrigation water needed for optimum distribution of fumigants in various soils distribution of fumigants in various soils

drip tape configurations (emitter discharge drip tape configurations (emitter discharge rate, emitter spacing, and drip tape spacing)rate, emitter spacing, and drip tape spacing)

combination of fumigants at reduced ratescombination of fumigants at reduced rates impermeable film (VIF) vs standard PE mulchimpermeable film (VIF) vs standard PE mulch pre-irrigation, initial soil water contentpre-irrigation, initial soil water content

Dr. Husein AjwaDr. Husein AjwaDr. Husein AjwaDr. Husein Ajwa

Drip Application EquipmentDrip Application EquipmentDrip Application EquipmentDrip Application Equipment

Flow meter

Static mixer

Injection port Water

meter

Nitrogencylinder

Micro gas chromatograph with a multi-port sampling valve

Micro gas chromatograph with a multi-port sampling valve

InLine (1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin)

InLine (1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin)

Monitor 1,3-D distribution in soil when applied in different amounts of irrigation water (26, 43, & 61 mm)

Monitor 1,3-D distribution when applied under standard PE mulch and VIF

Bed Drip FumigationBed Drip FumigationBed Drip Fumigation

Drip Tape0 cm

30 cm

De

pth

(cm

)

10

20

30

40

50

60

250

750

500

1 250

1 000

1 500

500

1 500

1 000

2 000

2 500

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

1,3-D concen tration (g L-1 air) in the gaseo us phase of W atsonville sandy lo am soil 24 h rs a fter drip app lication

0 30 cm0 30 cm0 30 cm

26 m m w ater 43 m m w ater 61 m m w ater

Dep

th (

cm

)

10

20

30

40

50

60

200

100

300

400

600

500

800700

400

200

800

600

1000

1200

1400

1,3-D concentration (g L-1 air) in the gaseous phase of Watsonville sandy loam soil 24 hrs after drip application

0 30 cm0 30 cm

Standard film Impermeable film

Metam Sodium (MITC)Metam Sodium (MITC)

Monitor MITC distribution in soil when applied as metam sodium using three different drip tape flow rates:

low, < 0.34 gpm/100 ft

med, 0.67 gpm/100 ft

high, > 1.00 gpm/100 ft

0D

ep

th (

cm

)

10

20

30

40

50

60

100

200

300

400500

400

40 cm

200

300

400

300200

800600400

MITC concentration (g L-1 air) in the gaseous phase

of Parlier sandy loam soil 8 hrs after drip application

Low flow drip tape

0 40 cm 0 40 cm

Med flow drip tape High flow drip tape

Recommendations for drip Recommendations for drip fumigationfumigation

Recommendations for drip Recommendations for drip fumigationfumigation

To achieve greater fumigant distributionTo achieve greater fumigant distributionuniformity:uniformity: increase the amount of irrigation waterincrease the amount of irrigation water

1.5-2 inches for loam and sandy loam soils1.5-2 inches for loam and sandy loam soils2-2.5 inches for loamy sand and sandy soils2-2.5 inches for loamy sand and sandy soils

use medium flow rate drip tape (soil type?) use medium flow rate drip tape (soil type?) 0.5-.67 gpm/100 ft for sandy loamy soils0.5-.67 gpm/100 ft for sandy loamy soils

use impermeable filmuse impermeable film if it is available or affordableif it is available or affordable

Field TrialsField TrialsField TrialsField Trials

RoseRose

Vineyard Replant – 3+ Vineyard Replant – 3+ years after years after treatment

Vineyard Replant – 3+ Vineyard Replant – 3+ years after years after treatment

Grape NurseryGrape Nursery

Grapevine Nursery Grapevine Nursery Trial - 2001Trial - 2001

makes it “mandatory that nursery makes it “mandatory that nursery stock for farm planting be stock for farm planting be commercially clean with respect to commercially clean with respect to economically important economically important nematodes”. nematodes”.

The California Code of RegulationsThe California Code of Regulations

Experimental DesignExperimental Design

85-year-old nematode-85-year-old nematode-infested Thompson Seedless infested Thompson Seedless vineyard vineyard

11 treatments11 treatments5 replications5 replications

TreatmentsTreatments Untreated Control Methyl Bromide (448 kg/ha), Treated Control Shank Iodomethane + Pic (224 +224 kg/ha) Shank Propargyl Bromide (202 kg/ha) Drip Iodomethane + Pic (224 +224 kg/ha), water cap Drip Propargyl Bromide (202 kg/ha), water cap Drip InLine (468 L/ha))

• Metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) capMetam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap Drip Pic (Drip Pic (448 kg/ha))

• Metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) capMetam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap Drip Azide (336Drip Azide (336 kg/ha), tarped), tarped Drip Azide (336Drip Azide (336 kg/ha), water cap), water cap Microspray Metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/haMicrospray Metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha))

Shanked TreatmentsShanked Treatments

Shanks – 45 cm deepShanks – 45 cm deep Shanks – 1.8m apartShanks – 1.8m apart tarpedtarped

Drip TreatmentsDrip Treatments

BroadcastBroadcast Drip tapeDrip tape

25 cm deep25 cm deep 60 cm apart60 cm apartMedium flowMedium flow

90 cm water90 cm water

Caps on Drip TreatmentsCaps on Drip Treatments

Applied through microspraysApplied through microsprays• 2.4m x 4.6m spacing 2.4m x 4.6m spacing

Water (15 cm)Water (15 cm) Metam sodium (Vapam 243 Metam sodium (Vapam 243

L/ha)L/ha)

Nematode Populations Nematode Populations at Plantingat Planting

Grape Nursery Trial, 2001 - 0-30cm Depth

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Untreated

Methyl Bromide

Propargyl bromide, shank

Iodomethane, shank

Metam sodium, microspray

Inline, metam cap

Chloropicrin, metam cap

Azide, tarped

Azide, drip

Iodomethane, drip

Propargyl bromide, drip

Nemas / 100cc Soil

Rootknot Nematode

Citrus Nematode

Grape Nursery Trial, 2001 - 60-90 cm Depth

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Untreated

Methyl Bromide

Propargyl bromide, shank

Iodomethane, shank

Metam sodium, microspray

Inline, metam cap

Chloropicrin, metam cap

Azide, tarped

Azide, drip

Iodomethane, drip

Propargyl bromide, drip

Nemas / 100cc Soil

Rootknot Nematode

Citrus Nematode

Grape Nursery Trial, 2001 - 120-150 cm Depth

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Untreated

Methyl Bromide

Propargyl bromide, shank

Iodomethane, shank

Metam sodium, microspray

Inline, metam cap

Chloropicrin, metam cap

Azide, tarped

Azide, drip

Iodomethane, drip

Propargyl bromide, drip

Nemas / 100cc Soil

Rootknot Nematode

Citrus Nematode

Nematode Populations Nematode Populations after One Growing Seasonafter One Growing Season

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Untreated

Methyl Bromide

Propargyl bromide, shank

Iodomethane, shank

Metam sodium herbicide

Inline, metam cap

Chloropicrin, metam cap

Azide, tarped

Azide, water

Iodomethane, drip

Propargyl bromide, drip

Nemas/100 cc Soil

Rootknot

Citrus

Thompson Seedless – Fall 2001

Vineyard Replant TrialVineyard Replant TrialPlanted 1998Planted 1998

Experimental DesignExperimental Design

65 year-old nematode-65 year-old nematode-infested Thompson infested Thompson Seedless vineyardSeedless vineyard

Randomized complete Randomized complete block, 5 repsblock, 5 reps

TreatmentsTreatments Untreated ControlUntreated Control Methyl Bromide, 448 kg/haMethyl Bromide, 448 kg/ha Shank Iodomethane, 448 kg/haShank Iodomethane, 448 kg/ha Drip Telone II EC (327 L/ha in 60 mm water)Drip Telone II EC (327 L/ha in 60 mm water)

+metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap+metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap Drip Telone II EC (327 L/ha in 100 mm water)Drip Telone II EC (327 L/ha in 100 mm water)

+metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap+metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap 1-Year Fallow1-Year Fallow 1-Year Fallow + sudac cover crop1-Year Fallow + sudac cover crop

Variety/RootstockVariety/Rootstock

Thompson Seedless, Thompson Seedless, • own-rootedown-rooted

Merlot on HarmonyMerlot on Harmony Merlot on Teleki 5CMerlot on Teleki 5C

Treatment Meloidogyne sp. Tylenchulus sp.

  ThompSeedless Teleki 5C Harmny

ThompSeedless Teleki 5C Harmny

Untreated Control 160.3 ab 290.7 a 4.0 989.0 a 377.4 a 981.8 ab

1 Year Fallow 215.0 a 72.8 b 0.0 512.6 abc 465.8 a 1141.8 a

1 Year Fallow plus cover crop

204.2 a 259.0 a 0.16 649.0 ab 391.5 a 787.8 b

Methyl Bromide (400lbs/acre)

4.96 c 0.48 b 0.0 0.5 c 49.0 b 61.6c

Iodomethane (400lbs/acre) 57.8 c 0.0 b 0.16 14.1 c 4.0 b 133.4 c

Telone II EC (60mm water)+Vapam

0.16 c 3.8 b 0.0 22.9 c 3.4 b 76.8 c

Telone II EC (100mm water)+Vapam

59.1 c 0.48 b 0.0 113.0 bc 30.5 b 68.5 c

Nematodes – 3.5 years after treatment

Shank Treatments applied Apr 1998. Drip Treatments applied Jan Shank Treatments applied Apr 1998. Drip Treatments applied Jan 1998. Samples collected Oct 2001.1998. Samples collected Oct 2001.

Long Term Fallow/ Long Term Fallow/ Vineyard Replant TrialVineyard Replant Trial

Planted in 2000Planted in 2000

Experimental DesignExperimental Design Vines RemovedVines Removed

Winter 1999 – untreated controlWinter 1999 – untreated controlWinter 1998 – 1 year fallowWinter 1998 – 1 year fallowWinter 1997 – 2 year fallowWinter 1997 – 2 year fallowWinter 1996 – 3 year fallowWinter 1996 – 3 year fallow

Vines replanted – June 2000Vines replanted – June 2000

Effect of Long-term Fallow on Rootknot Nematode in a Vineyard Replant

01

23

0-3030-60

60-9090-120

120-150

0102030405060708090100

Nematodes/100 cc soil

Length of

Fallow (years) Sample Depth (cm)

Effect of Long-term Fallow on Citrus Nematode in a Vineyard Replant

01

23

0-3030-60

60-9090-120

120-150

0200400600800100012001400160018002000

Nematodes/100cc Soil

Length of

Fallow (years) Sample Depth (cm)

Rose Nursery Field TrialJackson & Perkins

Wasco

Initiated Fall, 2001

Rose Nursery Treatments Controls

•Untreated control•Methyl bromide check – 392 kg/ha

Shanked Treatments•MIDAS - 30% Iodomethane/70%chloropicrin, 448 kg/ha•Telone C35 with tarp – 449 L/ha •Telone C35, no tarp – 449 L/ha

Dripped Treatments•InLine, 468 L/ha •Telone EC, 327 L/ha •Chloropicrin – high rate, 448 kg/ha•Chloropicrin – low rate, 224 kg/ha•Chloropicrin, split application - 224 kg/ha + 224 kg/ha 7 days later•MIDAS - 30% Iodomethane/70%chloropicrin, 448 kg/ha•MIDAS - 50% Iodomethane/50%chloropicrin, 336 kg/ha•Metam sodium, drip, 701 L/ha•Iota (a biological)

y = 0.3085x + 6.1249

R2 = 0.4917

5.00

5.50

6.00

6.50

7.00

7.50

8.00

8.50

9.00

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Depth (cm)

pH

Rose Nursery TrialSoil pH

30 60 90 120 150

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0

Untreated

Methyl Bromide

Midas, 30:70, shank

Telone C35, tarp

Telone C35, untarp

Midas, 30:70, drip

Midas, 50:50, drip

Inline

Telone EC

Metam sodium

Chloropicrin, high

Chloropicrin, low

Chloropicrin, split

Iota

Nemas/250 cc soil

Stubby Root

Stunt

Rootknot

Rose Nursery TrialNematodes - 0-30 cm

0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0

Untreated

Methyl Bromide

Midas, 30:70, shank

Telone C35, tarp

Telone C35, untarp

Midas, 30:70, drip

Midas, 50:50, drip

Inline

Telone EC

Metam sodium

Chloropicrin, high

Chloropicrin, low

Chloropicrin, split

Iota

Nemas/250 cc soil

Stubby Root

Stunt

Rootknot

Rose Nursery TrialNematodes – 60-90 cm

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0

Untreated

Methyl Bromide

Midas, 30:70, shank

Telone C35, tarp

Telone C35, untarp

Midas, 30:70, drip

Midas, 50:50, drip

Inline

Telone EC

Metam sodium

Chloropicrin, high

Chloropicrin, low

Chloropicrin, split

Iota

Nemas/250 cc soil

Stubby Root

Stunt

Rootknot

Rose Nursery TrialNematodes – 120-150 cm

How do you save the How do you save the nursery crop if your nursery crop if your

nematode management nematode management wasn’t perfect?wasn’t perfect?

Rescue TechnologiesRescue TechnologiesRescue TechnologiesRescue Technologies

Hot water dips for dormant Hot water dips for dormant perennial and bulb cropsperennial and bulb crops

Dr. Becky WesterdahlDr. Becky WesterdahlDr. Becky WesterdahlDr. Becky Westerdahl

1997 - 2001 TREATED 6 ROOTSTOCKS:MYROBALAN 29C, MARIANNA 2624, LOVELL, NEMAGUARD,

PARADOX, ENGLISH 5 TEMPERATURES

43.3, 46.1, 48.9, 51.7, 54.4 C 5 LENGTHS OF TREATMENT PLUS UNTREATED 5 REPLICATES EVALUATE

SURVIVAL, VIGOR, TRUNK CIRCUMFERANCE PLANTED AT USDA STATION

HOT WATER TREATMENTS FOR NEMATODE MANAGEMENT IN FRUIT

TREE ROOTSTOCKS

B. Westerdahl, UC Davis

TEMP (C) MINUTES >>>>>2 3 4 5 5.0 6 7 9 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 70

43.3 X X X X X46.1 X X X X X48.9 X X X X X51.7 X X X X X54.4 X X X X X

1998 - 2001 TREATMENTS

B. Westerdahl, UC Davis

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

0, 0.0

110, 30.0

110, 40.0

110, 50.0

110, 60.0

110, 70.0

115, 15.0

115, 20.0

115, 25.0

115, 30.0

115, 35.0

120, 5.0

120, 10.0

120, 15.0

120, 20.0

120, 25.0

125, 1.5

125, 2.5

125, 4.5

125, 6.5

125, 8.5

130, 1.5

130, 2.5

130, 3.5

130, 4.5

130, 5.5

ERROR BARS INDICATE 1 STANDARD

ERROR

TRUNK DIAMETER INCREASE (INCHES) in 2000

1998 Hot Water Treatment – Paradox Walnut

B. Westerdahl, UC Davis

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

PE

RC

EN

T M

OR

TA

LIT

Y

43.3C

46.1C48.9C

MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA

MINUTES

ERROR BARS INDICATE 1 STANDARD ERROR

Effect of Hot Water Treatments on Rootknot Nematode

B. Westerdahl, UC Davis

ConclusionsConclusions

Good distribution of effective Good distribution of effective concentrations of emulsified concentrations of emulsified formulations of fumigants can formulations of fumigants can be achieved using drip be achieved using drip application technologiesapplication technologies

ConclusionsConclusions

Drip applied 1,3-D and shank Drip applied 1,3-D and shank applied iodomethane have applied iodomethane have controlled rootknot nematode as controlled rootknot nematode as well as methyl bromide up to 3.5 well as methyl bromide up to 3.5 years after treatmentyears after treatment

Efficacy of long term fallow is Efficacy of long term fallow is dependent on the nematode dependent on the nematode genera present in the fieldgenera present in the field

ConclusionsConclusions

Efficacy of resistant rootstock depends on Efficacy of resistant rootstock depends on the diversity of the nematode populationthe diversity of the nematode population

Drip application of some currently Drip application of some currently available materials and shank and drip available materials and shank and drip application of some new materials application of some new materials achieved nematode control to a depth of achieved nematode control to a depth of 150cm150cm

Field conditions at the time of application Field conditions at the time of application will influence efficacywill influence efficacy

ConclusionsConclusions

Rescue technologies, such as Rescue technologies, such as hot water dips, are an hot water dips, are an important tool in the important tool in the production of clean planting production of clean planting material from field grown material from field grown nurseriesnurseries

ConclusionConclusion Integrated management Integrated management

strategies that make use of strategies that make use of innovative technologies, new innovative technologies, new materials, resistant rootstocks, materials, resistant rootstocks, cultural practices and post-plant cultural practices and post-plant introductions of beneficial introductions of beneficial organisms offer hope for organisms offer hope for addressing Challenging addressing Challenging SituationsSituations

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements California Fruit Tree, Nut Tree, and Grapevine California Fruit Tree, Nut Tree, and Grapevine

Improvement Advisory BoardImprovement Advisory Board Sunridge NurserySunridge Nursery Jackson & Perkins RosesJackson & Perkins Roses L.E. Cooke NurseryL.E. Cooke Nursery Tri-CalTri-Cal Tomen AgroTomen Agro Dow Agro SciencesDow Agro Sciences AmVacAmVac AlbemarleAlbemarle Cal Agri ProductsCal Agri Products HarborChemHarborChem

Thank you!Thank you!