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Energy “Laws”. Next step: Panels. Energy “Producers”. Sustainable Energy: Complex problem that requires long term planning and government involvement. Energy “Consumers”. Policies, budget, etc…. . Example Interconnected Policies. Balance of Trade. Energy policy. Foreign policy . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Energy “Laws”
Energy “Producers”
Energy “Consumers”
Next step: Panels
Sustainable Energy:
Complex problem that requires long term
planning and government involvement
Policies, budget, etc….
ExampleInterconnected Policies
Balance of Trade
Transportation policy
Agricultural policy
Foreign policy
Energy policy
Believe it or not…Development
of the technology for the future
ExamplesInternational Collaboration to develop
Nuclear Fusion Energy
1985- Geneva Superpower Summit:
Reagan (USA) & Gorbachev (Soviet Union) agreed on project to develop new cleaner, sustainable source of energy- Fusion energy!!
Why Fusion?
E=mc2
Science well known…
5
We are just copying nature !
Natural Fusion Reactors vsFusion Experiments on Earth
Just need to produce plasma like those in starts…
What is a Plasma?
Four States of Matter
SolidLiquidaseousPlasma
Four States of Matter SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA
Matter heated to high temperatures becomes a Plasma
Characteristics of Typical Plasmas
Benefits of Fusion• Abundance of input fuels (world-wide)
– Deuterium can be extracted from seawater– Tritium can be made in the fusion reactor with lithium– Helium-3 can in theory be mined from immense deposits in the lunar
surface– As opposed to fission where uranium is rare and must be mined
• Safe– Only small amount of fuel required compared to fission reactors
• no transport of radioactive fuel for normal operation– Most reactors make less radiation than the natural background
• no meltdown accidents– Risk of accidental release is non-existent since plasma requires
incredibly precise control• Clean
– No combustion by products• no CO2 emissions
– No weapons grade nuclear by products• Potential for production of electricity (and hydrogen)
FUSION
METHODS
Magnetic Confinement
Inertial (laser) Confinement
Magnetic ConfinementTokomak• Invented in the 50’s by Soviet Physicists
– Toroidal chamber with magnetic coils– Toroidal chamber with axial magnetic
fields
• Most common form of magnetic confinement reactor– Most studied
• Walls “capture” the heat and pass it to a heat exchanger which produces steam to drive a turbine
• ITER– International Thermonuclear Experimental
Reactor– Being built in France– First tokomak fusion reactor that will become
productive
Plasma Turbulence: Edge Effects
Toroidal Coordinate System:
• Common in plasma physics• Red arrow - poloidal direction (θ)• Blue arrow - toroidal direction (φ)
Inside JET
Captured by an ultra-high-speed camera, a pellet of fuel is injected into a plasma at the ASDEX Upgrade Tokomak in Garching, Germany. Photo: EFDA.
Plasma image following the injection of a frozen deuterium pellet
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
JET
Fusion Temperature attained Fusion confinement one step away
15
ITER Reactor: Cross Section
Inertial (laser) Confinement
• Implosion of micro-capsules of fuel by high power laser beams– Lasers cause instantaneous sublimation to plasma– Plasma envelope collapses under the radiative pressure– Collapse sends a shockwave through the fuel heating it to its
critical temperature• Final stage the interior fuel reaches 20 times the density of lead and
108 K• Instead of having to confine the plasma for long periods,
IC confines plasma in very short bursts•
• Still not as efficient as magnetic forms • Improvements in laser technology main priority
D-T micro-balloon fuel pellet
Gold Hohlraum
Hohlraum Reactions
Lawrence Livermore National Lab
Recent Developments: Sandia National Laboratories
• Two Purposes:– Weapons research– Pursue the ignition of fusion
• Z Accelerator (inertial confinement)– Uses blasts of X-rays crashing into a hydrogen
(deuterium) capsule at the center• 200 trillion watts of x-rays (10 x electrical energy
than entire generating capacity of the world)• 15 million degrees centigrade
Cheaper than Tokamaks and Lasers
Wrong path…
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KMmlSDWFIc&feature=related
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