October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai1 Instrumentation for High...

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 1

Instrumentation for High Energy Physics Experiments

B.Satyanarayana

Department of High Energy Physics,

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 2

Plan of the talk

• Introduction• Examples of High Energy Physics Experiments• Detectors used in HEP experiments• What do we measure and how?• Building blocks of HEP instrumentation• Modular instrumentation standards• A couple of case studies• New trends and tools for instrumentation design• Summary

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 3

Energy scales

• Mass, energy, distance, temperature and time are related quantities.• Unit of energy is the electron Volt. Energy gained by an electron in

passing through a voltage difference of one volt.• Some examples:

– Mass of atom : 0.01MeV– Mass of Nucleus : 10MeV – Mass of electron : 0.5MeV– Mass of proton : 1GeV– Mass of Top quark: 175GeV– Accelerators : 2-14TeV– Astrophysics : PeV

• Wavelength of the probe radiation should be smaller than the object to be resolved.

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Aims of HEP experiments

• What are the elementary constituents of matter?• What are the forces that control their behaviour at the

most basic level?

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A Neutrino Experiment

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A Gamma Ray Observatory

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A Cosmic Ray experiment

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 8

Proton Decay Experiment

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 9

An accelerator

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An accelerator experiment

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 11

HEP instrumentation: The concept

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 12

High Energy Physics Detectors

• Glass mirrors• Scintillators• Optical fibers• Crystals• Photo Multiplier Tubes• Photo Diodes• Gas proportional chambers• Drift chambers• Calorimeters• Glass Spark Chambers• Silicon strip detectors• Hybrid detectors

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Optical mirrors

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 14

Scintillator and optical fiber assemblies

CMS Collaboration meeting, June 99

Test Beam ModulesTest Beam Modules

PPP tile with 4 grooves visible

Pigtial with connector

Finished Tray

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 15

Crystals

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 16

Photo multipliers and diodes

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Gas proportional chambers

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Calorimeters

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Silicon strip detector

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Hybrid detectors

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 21

Physics processes

• Energy loss by the particle• Cherenkov radiation• Bremsstrahlung• Photoelectric effect• Compton scattering• Pair production

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 22

The magic pulse

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 23

Measurements

• Some primary and some derived• Light• Energy• Charge/Current• Pulse height/Voltage• Relative timing• Position/Particle track

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 24

Measuring tools

• Amplifiers and Comparators• Analog to Digital Converters• Charge to Digital Converters• Time to Digital Converters• Latches and Registers• Memories• Logic systems• Hybrids

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 25

Amplifiers

Proton Decay Experiment

D0 Experiment

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 26

Comparators and Converters

Input

Output

Classic comparator

QIE hybrid

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 27

Analog/Charge to Digital Converters

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Time to Digital Converters

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Logic/Trigger systems

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 30

Modular Instrumentation

• Need for standardisation

• Popular standards:– NIM

– CAMAC

– VME

– Fastbus

– GPIB

– PCI

• Barrowed standards from computer and PC domains.

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 31

CAMAC standard modules

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 32

Simplified concept of HEP instrumentation

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 33

Instrumentation of the Neutrino experiment

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 34

DAQ system for the Proton Decay experiment

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 35

Trigger and DAQ system of an accelerator experiment

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 36

Electronics and DAQ system for a CMS detector

14 June 2001 Tullio Grassi 2

HCAL FE/DAQ Overview

ShieldWall

HRC

LEVEL 1TRIGGER

DAQRUI

HPDCONTROL MODULE

FE READOUTMODULE

VR

1.6 Gb/s(800 Mb/s)

L2-DAQ DATASLINK64 [1 Gbit/s]

18 HTRs perReadout Crate

RBXReadout Box (On detector)

DAQ Crate(in UXA)

Trigger Primitives

2 fibers(3 fibers on old scheme)Total = 6 QIE channelsper FE READOUT moduleQIE

QIE

QIE

QIE

QIE

QIE

CC

AC

CA

CC

A

GOL

GOL

HTR

DCC

HTR

HTR

HTR

TTC

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 37

Trends in hardware design

• FPGAs, ASICs and other PLDs• High performance design and simulation tools• Radiation hard devices• Beam tests, bench marking and calibrations• Burn-in and vertical splice tests

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 38

Trends in data communication

October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 39

Summary

• “On Zenith Or Nowhere Else”• Innovation in design and perfection are the keys• Highest levels of reliability under hostile environments• (Huge)Team effort is need of the hour• Makes perfect challenging careers for young minds