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Operant Conditioningand Modeling
Rewards and punishment
Observational learning
Operant Conditioning
Thorndike’s Law of Effect – behavior that receives a positive response is more likely to keep occurring and vice versa.
Shaping – using reinforcement to guide behavior to closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Respondent behavior – Skinner’s term for behavior learned via classical conditioning.
Operant behavior – behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning
Behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it.
Behavior is determined by anticipation of what
FOLLOWS it.
Involuntary Voluntary
Dog salivates after a tone.
Dog sits in anticipation of getting a treat.
Classical or Operant?
A very bright (mildly painful) light is turned on a rat. The rat has learned that he can turn off the light by pressing a lever on the other side of his cage. As soon as the light comes on, the rat runs across the room and presses the lever.
Classical or Operant?
When a mother strokes her infant’s skin, the stroking creates pleasure responses in the baby. After this goes on for many days, the baby begins to show pleasure responses simply at the sight of her mother (even before being touched).
Classical or Operant?
A patient in a mental hospital is very disruptive at mealtimes. She grabs food from the plates of those sitting near her and tries to cram the food in her mouth. Because this behavior of stealing food is very undesirable, a plan is developed whereby every time the patient steals food from other plates, she is immediately taken to a room without food.
Classical or Operant?
Fred leaves his clothes and toys all over his room. It seems that the only time he cleans up his room is when his mother yells at him. When she yells at him, Fred picks up his clothes and put away his toys.
Classical or Operant?
Imagine you have a friend who keeps the temperature in her home so high that each occasion on which you visit her you find yourself perspiring. The last time you visited her, you noticed that you began to perspire and became uncomfortable as soon as you saw her house (even before you got inside).
Types of Reinforcement
positive (adding) or negative (taking away)
primary (innately satisfying) or secondary (conditioned) (learned to be satisfying)
immediate or delayed
Chart of Operant Conditioning
Add to the environment
+
Take away from the
environment
-
Behavior Increases
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Behavior Decreases
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
Reinforcement Schedules
reinforcement schedules (give out handout) continuous – rewarded every time partial – not every time
“fixed” – set, constant “variable” – unpredictable “interval” – time “ratio” – number
Reinforcement Schedules
fixed ratio – set number (every three times you raise your hand I call on you)
variable ratio – unpredictable number of responses (slot machine)
fixed interval – set amount of time (pay you every hour)
variable interval – unpredictable amount of time (fishing)
Reinforcement Schedules Which is schedule causes a greater
response rate? Ratio schedules
Which schedules are more resistant to extinction? Variable schedules
Which schedule causes the fastest learning? Continuous reinforcement
Which is more effective, immediate or delayed reinforcement? Immediate reinforcement
Problems with Punishment
it models aggression as a way to solve problems
breeds anger in the recipient doesn’t provide an alternative
behavior. Therefore, the behavior only goes away when the punisher is around.
Overjustification Effect
Overjustification effect: When we are rewarded for behaviors that
we naturally enjoy, we sometimes lose our intrinsic motivation.
How might this effect relate to learning and grades?
How might this effect relate to professional athletes?
Criticisms of Behavioralism
Deemphasizes the role of internal
thoughts and feelings in behavior;
Presents humans as lacking free will
Ignores biological predispositions
Support for Criticisms
1. Experiments with humans and animals both indicate that biological predispositions influence conditioning.
a. Animal training
b. Human societies built on behavioralist principles.
Support for Criticisms
2. Cognition seems to influence conditioning Alcoholics and nausea-producing drug).
3. Learning occurs in the absence of rewards or punishments (this is called latent learning) Mice and mazes
Observational Learning
Also known as
modeling.
Albert Bandura – Bobo
doll experiment
How might this relate
to violence and TV
viewing habits?
Modeling
Prosocial Behavior – constructive behavior Antisocial Behavior – unproductive or
destruction behavior
On the Agenda for Tomorrow
In class worksheet comparing operant and classical conditioning and identifying the elements of each.
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