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Subjunc'vemoodasnon-realiza'onviewpointaspectinMayan
TLS16,2/20/16
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Subjunc0vemoodasnon-realiza0onviewpointaspectinMayan
JürgenBohnemeyerhGp://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/
jb77@buffalo.edu
TLS16UT,February20,2016
SohappytobeinAus0n…
2
Overview
• mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er• data(i):theYucatecstatussystem• theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on• analysis(i):theideainanutshell• data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve• theory(ii):possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs• analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on• comparisontootherapproaches• conclusions 3
mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er
• goals:descrip0ve– sketchtheseman0csoftheso-calledstatussystemofYucatecMaya
– status:afunc0onalcategoryoftheMayanverb(Kaufman1992)
• conflatesno0onsofviewpointaspect,mood,illocu0onaryforce;alsosensi0vetoproper0esofargumentstructure,voice4
'Iknowwhatyou'rethinkingabout,'saidTweedledum;'butitisn'tso,nohow.''Contrariwise,'con0nuedTweedledee,'ifitwasso,itmightbe;andifitwereso,itwouldbe;butasitisn't,itain't.That'slogic.'
(LewisCarroll,ThroughtheLookingGlass)
mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er(cont.)
• goals:theore0cal– accountfortheseman0csofsubjunc0veandirrealismoodinatleastonelanguage
– explainwhyviewpointaspectandmoodareconflatedinasinglefunc0onalcategoryinMayanlanguages
• andwhytheirexpressionsaremoregenerallyfrequentlyparadigma0callyrelatedacrosslanguages
– clarifyandfurtherdeveloptheno0onofeventrealiza'on(Bohnemeyer&Swid2004)
5
mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er(cont.)
• goals:theore0cal(cont.)– unifiedtheoriesoftenseandaspectareareality
• Kamp&Reyle1993;Klein1994– thenexthurrah/finalfron0er:aunifiedtheoryoftense,aspect,andmood?
6
Subjunc'vemoodasnon-realiza'onviewpointaspectinMayan
TLS16,2/20/16
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mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er(cont.)
• goals:theore0cal(cont.)– exis0ngaccounts
• Roberts1989:‘modalsubordina0on’• Farkas1992:verbsw/indica0vecomplementsdescribesingleworlds;verbsw/subjunc0vecomplementssetsofworlds
• Portner1997:moodconstrains‘conversa0onalforce’,understoodintermsofmodalaccessibility
• Iatridou2000:composi0onalseman0csofcounterfactuals• Krila2011:moodinDaakie(Oceanic;Vanuatu)aspresupposi0onaltenseinbranching-futuremodels
7
mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er(cont.)
• goals:theore0cal(cont.)– rela0ngmoodtomodality
• Roberts1989;Farkas1992;Portner1997– rela0ngmoodtoviewpointaspect
• Iatridou2000;thepresentproposal– rela0ngmoodtotense
• Krila2011
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Overview
• mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er• data(i):theYucatecstatussystem• theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on• analysis(i):theideainanutshell• data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve• theory(ii):possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs• analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on• comparisontootherapproaches• conclusions 9
Data(i):theYucatecstatussystem• statusmarking:example(2.1)a. Perfec&veaspect-comple&vestatus
T-in=mèet-ah le=nah=o’PRV-A1SG=do:APP-CMP(B3SG) DEF=house=D2‘Ibuiltthehouse’
b. Progressiveaspect-incomple&vestatus Táan in=mèet-ik le=nah=o’ PROG A1SG=do:APP-INC(B3SG) DEF=house=D2 ‘Iam/was/willbebuildingthehouse’c. Remotefuture-subjunc&vestatus Bíin in=mèet-∅ le=nah=o’ REMF A1SG=do:APP-SUBJ(B3SG) DEF=house=D2 ‘Itis/was/willbealong0mebeforeIbuildthehouse’
10
Data(i):theYucatecstatussystem
• statusmarking:subcategories– everyverbform,finiteornot,thatprojectsacoremustbemarkedforexactlyoneoffivesubcategories
11
Table1.ThefivestatussubcategoriesofYucatecStatuscategory Distribution
Matrixclauses Finitesubordinateclauses
Nonfiniteverbalprojections
Completive Perfectiveaspect N/AIncompletive Imperfective
aspectImperfectiveaspect;purposeclauses
Gerunds;complementsofpredicatesexpressingaspectual,causal,modal,andeventperceptionmeanings;intensionalcomplementsofintransitivepredicatesoffear,desire,attempt;intransitivecomplementsinthemotion-cum-purposeconstruction
Subjunctive ‘Insubordinate’(Evans2007)jussives
Irrealisclauses;counterfactualconditionalantecedents
Intensionalcomplementsoftransitivepredicatesoffear,desire,attempt;transitivecomplementsinthemotion-cum-purposeconstruction;complementswithprojectiveandcounterfactualcontents
Imperative Imperativesentences
N/A N/A
Extra-focal N/A Backgroundclauseinmannerfocusconstructionsw/perfectiveaspect
N/A
Data(i):theYucatecstatussystem
• statusmarking:allomorphy– thestatussuffixescomeinallomorphsthatdis0nguishverb(stem)classandvoice
12
Table2.Statuspolysemyandverbstemclasses
statusstemclass
incompleGve compleGve subjuncGve extra-focal imperaGve
ac0ve -Ø -nah -nak -nahik -neninac0ve -Vl -Ø -Vk -ik -eninchoa0ve -tal -chah -chahak -chahik N/Adisposi0onal -tal -lah -l(ah)ak -lahik -lentransi0ve
ac0ve-ik -ah -Ø/-eh -ahil -Ø/-eh
passive \’/...-Vl/-a’l
\’/...-ab/-a’b
\’/...-Vk/-a’k
\’/...-ik/-a’bik
N/A
Subjunc'vemoodasnon-realiza'onviewpointaspectinMayan
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Overview
• mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er• data(i):theYucatecstatussystem• theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on• analysis(i):theideainanutshell• data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve• theory(ii):possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs• analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on• comparisontootherapproaches• conclusions 13
Theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on• framework:Klein’s(1992,1994,etc.)aspecttheory
– adynamicmodelofwhatadiscourseis“about”• itispossibletosomeextenttomodelthemeaningsofuGerancesinadiscourseascontribu0ngtoaques0on
– animplicitorexplicitques0on• Klein&vonStuGerheim1987,2002:quaes'o• Roberts1996,2012;Simonsetal2010:ques'onunderdiscussion(QuD)
• onlyproposi0onsthatcontributetotheQUDareatissue
– allotherproposi0onsarepresupposedorbackgrounded• limits:non-consta0ve/representa0vespeechacts;direc0vesotherthanques0ons
14
Theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on(Cont.)
• framework:Klein’saspecttheory(cont.)– every(finite)clauseisinterpretedwithrespecttothetopicGmettop
• ttopisestablishedbytheQuD• ttopconstrainsthe0meforwhichaproposi0onisassertedorques0oned,etc.
• ttopisrelatedto– therun0meτ(s)oftheasitua0onsdescribedbyapredicatebyviewpointaspect
– uGerance0metubytense
15
(3.1) a. Whatdidyouno'cewhenyouenteredtheroom? b. Amanwaslyingonthefloor.
c. HewasChineseorJapanese. d. Hedidnotmove. e. Awomanwasbendingoverhim. f. Shewastakingapursefromhispocket. g. Sheturnedtome.(Klein1994:39-40)
λs3.be_chinese’(s3)∨be_japanese’(s3)&ttop⊂τ(s3)
Theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on(Cont.)
'me
λs1.enter’(s1)
ttop=τ(s1)
λs2.lie’(s2)&ttop⊂τ(s2)
¬λs4.move’(s4)&τ(s4)⊆ttop
λs5.bend’(s5)&ttop⊂τ(s5)
λs6.take’(s6)&ttop⊂τ(s6)
λs7.turn’(s7)&τ(s7)⊂ttop
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Figure4.Temporalstructureof(3.1)16
Theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on(Cont.)
• realiza0on:Bohnemeyer&Swid2004– explanandum:telicity-dependentviewpointaspect
interpreta0onofzero-markedverbforms• inGerman,Inuk0tut,Russian• asopposedtodynamicity-basedinterpreta0ons
inEnglishandEwe
– explanans:eventrealizaGon• zero-markedformsareusedtodescriberealizedevents
– byentailmentinRussianandbyGriceanstereotype(Q2)implicatureinGerman
• realiza0on≈culmina0oninParsons1990• realiza0ondependsonthetelicityoftheeventpredicate
– atelicpredicatesmaybeinstan0atedbyrealizedeventsunderimperfec0veaspect;telicpredicatesrequireperfec0veforrealiza0on17
Theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on(Cont.)
– hencetheimperfecGveparadox(Dowty1979:133)(3.1’)a.Whatdidyouno'cewhenyouenteredtheroom?
e. Awomanwasbendingoverhim. ∴Awomanbentoverhimf. Shewastakingapursefromhispocket. not∴Shetookapursefromhispocket
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'mettop=τ(s1)
λs6.take’(s6)&ttop⊂τ(s6)
λs1.enter’(s1) Figure4.Temporalstructureof(3.1)
λs5.bend’(s5)&ttop⊂τ(s5)
Subjunc'vemoodasnon-realiza'onviewpointaspectinMayan
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Overview
• mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er• data(i):theYucatecstatussystem• theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on• analysis(i):theideainanutshell• data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve• theory(ii):possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs• analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on• comparisontootherapproaches• conclusions 19
Analysis(i):theideainanutshell
• viewpointaspectconstrainstheextenttowhichthetopicsituaGonrealizesacertainsitua0ontype– perfec0ve:thetopicsitua0onincludesasitua0onoftherelevantkind
– imperfec0ve:thetopicsitua0onisincludedinasitua0onoftherelevantkind
20
Analysis(i):theideainanutshell(cont.)
• moodconstrainsrealiza0onofasitua0onofagivenkindinsidevs.outsidethetopicsitua0on– realis/indica0ve:constrainsfactualrealiza0on
• thatis,at-issuerealiza0oninafactualtopicsitua0on– irrealis/subjunc0ve:constrainsnon-factualrealiza0on
• TypeA:non-factualrealiza0onofasitua0onthatextendsafactualtopicsitua0on
• TypeB:realiza0oninanon-factualtopicsitua0on• TypeC:non-at-issuerealiza0on• TypeD:non-realiza0onduringanextendedtopic0meinterval
21
Overview
• mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er• data(i):theYucatecstatussystem• theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on• analysis(i):theideainanutshell• data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve• theory(ii):possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs• analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on• comparisontootherapproaches• conclusions 22
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve• thevariouscontextsofthesubjunc0vecanbesortedintofourtypes– TypeA:non-factualrealiza0onextendingafactualtopicsitua0on
• occurswithintensionalcomplementsofpredicatesoffear,desire,aGempt;inthe‘mo0on-cum-purpose’construc0on;
– andwiththecounterfactualpreverbalmoodmarkeróolak
(5.1) A8empt Le=doktòor=o’, t-u=ts’a’-ah u=báah DEF=doctor=D2 PRV-A3=put-CMP(B3SG)A3=self
u=ts’ak-∅ le=pàal=o’ [A3=cure-SUBJ(B3SG) DEF=child]=D2
‘Thedoctortriedtocurethechild’
23
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
– TypeA:non-factualrealiza0onextendingafactualtopicsitua0on(cont.)(5.2) Fear Sahak-en in=tsikbat-∅ le=kwèento=o’ afraid-B1SG [A1SG=talk:APP-SUBJ(B3SG) DEF=tale]=D2 ‘Iam/was/willbeafraidtotellthestory’
(5.3) Mo&on-cum-purpose (Aissen1987:16-17;ZavalaMaldonado1993) Le=pàal=o’, h-tàal u=ch’a’-∅ le=ta’kin=o’
DEF=child=D2 PRV-come(B3SG)[A3=take-SUBJ(B3SG)DEF=money=D2] ‘Thechild,(s)hecametocollect/withdraw/takethemoney’
• awrinkle:intransi0vecomplementsofthesamepredicatesappearintheincomple0ve
– w/theset-A(“erga0ve”)markerdeleted–thesearenominaliza0ons
24
Subjunc'vemoodasnon-realiza'onviewpointaspectinMayan
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Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
– TypeA:non-factualrealiza0onextendingafactualtopicsitua0on(cont.)
(5.4) Countefactualmoodóolak‘almost’ Óolak in=mèet-∅ le=nah=o’ CF A1SG=do:APP-SUBJ(B3SG) DET=house=D2 ‘I(willhave/had)almostbuiltthehouse’
25
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
– TypeA:non-factualrealiza0onextendingafactualtopicsitua0on(cont.)(5.2) Fear Sahak-en in=tsikbat-∅ le=kwèento=o’ afraid-B1SG [A1SG=talk:APP-SUBJ(B3SG) DEF=tale]=D2 ‘Iam/was/willbeafraidtotellthestory’
26
'mettop
Figure5.Temporalstructureof(5.2)
wtop w
s1 s2
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
– TypeA:non-factualrealiza0onextendingafactualtopicsitua0on(cont.)
• arelateduse:‘insubordinate’(Evans2007)jussives(5.5) a. Káa séeb+uts-chahak-ech! SR fast+good-INCH.SUBJ-B2SG ‘Speedyrecovery(lit.mayyougetwellquickly)!’
b. Káa in=k’al-eh? SR A1SG=lock-SUBJ(B3SG) ‘Doyouwantmetolockit(lit.(Doyouwant)
thatIlockit)?’– formallytheseresembleintensionalcomplementsofellipsedmatrixpredicates
– buttheirseman0cshasillocu0onaryforceaspects» cf.Devlin2006;Portner1997
27
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
– TypeB:realiza0oninanon-factualtopicsitua0on• occurswithcounterfactualcondi0onalantecedentsandirrealissubordinateclauses
– whichhavefuture-0meorhabitual/genericreference
(5.6)Counterfactualcondi&onals [Context:I’mnotallowedtovoteintheupcominglocal
elec0on,sinceI’mnotaMexicanCi0zen.]
Pero wáahkáabèey-lak in=bóotare’,
but ALT SR like.this-INCH.SUBJ(B3SG)A1SG=vote
hi’n=bóotar-t-ik Pablo=e’.
ASS:A1SG=vote-APP-INC(B3SG) Pablo=D3
‘ButifIwereabletovote,I’dvote(for)Pablo.’ 28
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
– TypeB:realiza0oninanon-factualtopicsitua0on(cont.)(5.7) Future-&mereference Kéen ka’=sùunak-ech t-u=láak’ ha’b=e’(…), SR:IRRREP=turn\ATP:SUBJ-B2SGPREP-A3=otheryear=TOP táan0k in=mèet-ik le=nah=o’. IMM A1SG=do:APP-INC(B3SG) DEF=house=D2 ‘(When)youreturnherenextyear,Iwillhavejustbuildthehouse.’
(5.8)Habitual/genericreference Le=kéen k=ts’a’-∅ túunhe’l=a’, DET=[SR.IRR A1PL=put-SUBJ(B3SG) so.thenPRSV]=D1 u=k’àaba’=e’, ka’nal+pàach+nah. A3=name=TOP high+back+house ‘Sothenthe(one)weputhere,asforitsname,(itis)ka’nalpàachnah’
29
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
– TypeB:realiza0oninanon-factualtopicsitua0on(cont.)(5.7) Future-&mereference Chéenka’=sùunak-ech t-u=láak’ ha’b=e’(…), SR:IRRREP=turn\ATP:SUBJ-B2SGPREP-A3=otheryear=TOP táan0k in=mèet-ik le=nah=o’. IMM A1SG=do:APP-INC(B3SG) DEF=house=D2
‘(When)youreturnherenextyear,Iwillhavejustbuildthehouse.’
30
'mettop
Figure6.Temporalstructureof(5.7)
wu wtop
s1 s2
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Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
– TypeC:non-at-issuerealiza0on• occurswith‘degree-of-remoteness’predicates
(5.9) Degreesofremoteness(‘metricaltense’)markers
Ma’ sáam sùunak le=kòombi=o’;... NEG REC turn\ATP:SUBJ(B3SG) DET=van=D2 ‘It’snotawhileagothatthebusreturned;…’
a. …inw=a’l-ik=e’, h-ts’o’k mèedya òora. A1SG=say-INC(B3SG)=TOP PRV-end(B3SG)half hour ‘…Ithinkitwashalfanhourago.’
b. ??...tuméen ma’ sùunak=i’. CAUSE NEG turn\ATP:SUBJ(B3SG)=D4 ‘…becauseithasn’treturnedyet.’
31
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
– TypeC:non-at-issuerealiza0on(cont.)(5.9) Degreesofremoteness(‘metricaltense’)markers
Ma’ sáam sùunak le=kòombi=o’;... NEG REC turn\ATP:SUBJ(B3SG) DET=van=D2 ‘It’snotawhileagothatthebusreturned;…’
32
'mettop
wtop
s stop
Figure7.Temporalstructureof(5.9)
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
– TypeD:non-realiza0onduringanextendedtopic0meinterval(5.10) a. Nega&onwithperfec&veaspect Domìingo-ak=e’ ma’ h-hàats’-nah-en=i’ Sunday-ak-TOP NEG(B3SG) PRV-beat\ATP-CMP-B1SG=D4 ‘LastSunday,Ididnotbat(lit.beat).’
b.Nega&onwithperfectaspect‘notyet’interpreta&on
Tèen=e’ tak be’òora=a’ma’ hàats’-nak-en=i’ me=TOP even now=D1 NEG(B3SG) beat\ATP-SUBJ-B1SG=D4 ‘Me,uptonow,IhavenotyetbaGed(lit.beaten)’
33
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
– TypeD:non-realiza0onduringanextendedtopic0meinterval(cont.)(5.10) Nega&onwithperfectaspect‘notyet’interpreta&on b. Tèen=e’ tak be’òora=a’ma’ hàats’-nak-en=i’ me=TOP even now=D1 NEG(B3SG) beat\ATP-SUBJ-B1SG=D4 ‘Me,uptonow,IhavenotyetbaGed(lit.beaten)’
34
'mettop
wtop
s stop
Figure8.Temporalstructureof(5.10)
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
• comparingsubjunc0vesacrosslanguages– grammariansassignthelabel‘subjunc0ve’primarilybasedonsyntac0cdistribu0on
• amoodthatoccurspredominantlyindependentclausesorverbforms
– itisnotobviousthatthereisasingleseman0cprototype• sharedbyallormostofthefunc0onalcategoriesthathavebeencalled‘subjunc0ves’indescrip0onsacrosslanguages
– however,Iarguethattherearetwoseman0cno0onsassociatedwiththeYucatecsubjunc0ve
• whichareworthlookingintoforwidercrosslinguis0ccurrency– thesearetheno0onsofnon-realizaGonandnon-at-issueness
35
Overview
• mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er• data(i):theYucatecstatussystem• theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on• analysis(i):theideainanutshell• data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve• theory(ii):possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs• analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on• comparisontootherapproaches• conclusions 36
Subjunc'vemoodasnon-realiza'onviewpointaspectinMayan
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Theory(ii):Possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
• Kratzer’s(1989,1990,1998,2002)blendofsitua0onseman0csandpossibleworldseman0cs
• basicingredients(cf.Kratzer1989:615-616)– adomainDsofpossiblesitua0ons– amereologicalrela0on≤samongsitua0onsdefiningapar0alorderingonDs
– asubsetDwofDs,thesetofpossibleworlds,definedasmereologicallymaximalsitua0ons
37
Theory(ii):Possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
• basicingredients(cont.)– asetofproposi0onsdefinedasthepowerset𝓅(Ds)
• proposi0onsmaybetrueinsitua0ons,butthelogicalrela0onssuchasentailmentandequivalencearedefinedoverworlds
(6.1) Truth:Aproposi0onp∈𝓅(Ds)istrueinasitua0ons∈Dsiffs∈p.
(6.2) Entailment:Asetofproposi0onsA⊆𝓅(Ds)entailsaproposi0onp∈𝓅(Ds)iffw∈⋂A→w∈pforanyw∈Dw.
(6.3) Equivalence:Twoproposi0onsp,q∈𝓅(Ds)areequivalentiffp⋂Dw=q⋂Dw.
38
Theory(ii):Possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
• factsas“worldlypar0culars”– cf.Kratzer(2002:660)
– exemplifyingfactsaresitua0onsthatlack“irrelevantdetails”
– Kratzershowsthatthisno0onisusefulinmodelingtheseman0csofknowandofcounterfactuals
(6.4) MinimalsituaGoninwhichaproposiGonistrue:Apossiblesitua0onsisaminimalsitua0oninwhichaproposi0onpistrueiffs∈p&¬∃s’.s’
Subjunc'vemoodasnon-realiza'onviewpointaspectinMayan
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Theory(ii):Possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
• transla0ngKlein’sapproach(cont.)– mereologicaldefini0onsoftheaspects
• perfec0ve:thedescribedeventisapartofthetopicsitua0on
• imperfec0ve:thetopicsitua0onisaproperpartofthedescribedevent
(6.11) PerfecGve:⟦PRV⟧c=λP.∃s.s≦sstopc&P(s)
(6.12) ImperfecGve:⟦IMPF⟧c=λP.∃s.stopc
Subjunc'vemoodasnon-realiza'onviewpointaspectinMayan
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Analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on
– TypeA:non-factualrealiza0onextendingafactualtopicsitua0on(cont.)(7.3) Fear Sahak-en in=tsikbat-∅ le=kwèento=o’ afraid-B1SG [A1SG=talk:APP-SUBJ(B3SG) DEF=tale]=D2 ‘Iam/was/willbeafraidtotellthestory’
49
'mettop
(7.3’)[(7.3)]c=λs1.stopc≤ss1&∀s2.Extc(s2)(stopc)&tell’(story’)(s2)→afraid’(s2)(s1)
[Ext(sb)(sa)]c=1↔∃w.sb≤sw\wa&Accc(sb)(sa)
Figure10.Temporalstructureof(7.3)wtop w
s1,s2rangeoverpossiblesitua0ons.
s1 s2
Analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on
– TypeB:realiza0oninanon-factualtopicsitua0on(cont.)(7.4) Future-&mereference Chéenka’=sùunak-ech t-u=láak’ ha’b=e’(…), SR:IRRREP=turn\ATP:SUBJ-B2SGPREP-A3=otheryear=TOP táan0k in=mèet-ik le=nah=o’. IMM A1SG=do:APP-INC(B3SG) DEF=house=D2
‘(When)youreturnherenextyear,Iwillhavejustbuildthehouse.’
50
'mettop
(7.4’)[(7.4)]c=λs1,s2.∃w.s2≤sstopc&stopc≤sw\wa&return’(s2)&build’(s1) &prox(τ(s1))(ttopc) . τ(s1)
Subjunc'vemoodasnon-realiza'onviewpointaspectinMayan
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Comparisontootherapproaches(cont.)
• Krila’s(2011)analysisofmoodinDaakie– doesn’tcarryovertoYucatecbecause
• realis/indica0veclausesinYucatecdonegate• projec0vecomplementsaresubjunc0veinYucatec
– notrealis/indica0ve,asinDaakie
55
Comparisontootherapproaches(cont.)
• Iatridou’s(2000)proposal– counterfactualcondi0onalsareassertedovertopic
worldsthatexcludetheuGeranceworld
• theYucatecevidence– Iatridou’sanalysispredictscorrectlytheoccurrence
oftheYucatecsubjunc0veincounterfactuals• giventheseman0csofthesubjunc0veproposedabove(8.1) Perowáah káa bèey-lak in=bóotare’, but ALT SR like.this-INCH.SUBJ(B3SG) A1SG=vote ‘ButifIwereabletovote,’ hi’n=bóotar-t-ik Pablo=e’. ASS:A1SG=vote-APP-INC(B3SG) Pablo=D3 ‘I’dvote(for)Pablo.’ 56
Comparisontootherapproaches(cont.)
– exceptIatridousuggeststhattheelementofcounterfactualityisnotcontributedbythesubjunc0ve
• butbypasttensemorphology– inIatridou’slanguagesample
• subjunc0vesonlyoccurincounterfactualantecedentsinlanguagesthatdis0nguishpastandnon-pastsubjunc0ves
– YucateccounterfactualscontradictIatridou’sgeneraliza0on
• Yucatecisatenselesslanguage(Bohnemeyer1998,2000,2002,2009)
(8.2) wáahkáabèey-lak in=bóotare’ ALT SR like.this-INCH.SUBJ(B3SG) A1SG=vote 1.‘ifIwereabletovote’ 2.‘ifIwouldhavebeenabletovote’(constructed) 57
Comparisontootherapproaches(cont.)
• analterna0veroutetocounterfactuality?– ontheanalysissketchedhere,theremaybean
alternatetypologicalroutetocounterfactualmeanings• notintermsofthetense-likerela0onbetweentopicworld
anduGeranceworld,asperIatridou’sanalysis• butintermsoftheaspect-likerela0onbetweentopicworld
andrealiza0on
58
• mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er• statusmarkinginYucatec• usesofthesubjunc0ve• Klein’saspecttheory• possiblesitua0onseman0cs• realiza0on• analysis• counterfactuals• summary
Overview
59
Summary• mainpointsargued
– twoseman0cno0onsassociatedwiththeYucatecsubjunc0ve
• non-realiza0onandnon-at-issueness– possibleunifiedaccountviatheno0onofrealiza0on
• formalizedhereintheframeworkofpossibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
– theYucatecsubjunc0veemergesasakindofinverseperfec0veaspect
– onthisaccount,viewpointaspectandmoodcapturedifferentrela0onsamongthesamevariable
– thisconceptuallysimilaritymayexplainwhytheyareexpressedinasinglemorphologicalparadigminMayan60
Subjunc'vemoodasnon-realiza'onviewpointaspectinMayan
TLS16,2/20/16
11
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