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Management and Monitoring in P. monodon culture
Gold Coin Aqua Division Arfindee Abru
Jim Collins
Impact of Pond Preparation
Cleaning.
• After harvest ponds must be cleaned
– Soil Oxidation
– Waste removal
– Reconditioning
After harvest
Black color soil, need Oxygen
Dry out pond.
Dry until crack.
This leaves space for oxygen to penetrate below surface level.
Old pond, long time without culture.
• Cut and remove Grass.
• Drain out water, make pond bottom dry.
Grass
Water from leakage or raining.
Cleaning
In the case where there is little sludge, spray pond bottom with digestive microorganism after drying
Importance of Removing Sludge
Large accumulated waste piles should be removed • Waste Piles release toxins
• Ammonia • Hydrogen Sulfide
• Act as a reservoir of pathogenic bacteria
Remove sludge
• Dry method.
• Wet method.
Dry method.
Wet method.
Wet method for earth pond bottom
Wet method for plastic lined pond
Farms should incorporate waste treatment areas
• Oxidation ponds
• Typically 10-20% of farm area
• Used to oxidize and mineralize waste
• Prevent feedback loop pollution supply waters
Adjusting Soil pH
• Check soil pH.
• Separate area for checking.
• Suitable level > 5
Feeding zone
Sludge zone
Lime Application
Soil pH Quantity of CaCO3 lime
(kg/hectare)
Quantity of Ca(OH)2 lime
(kg/hectare)
> 6 < 1,000 < 500
5 to 6 < 2,000 < 1,000
< 5 < 3,000 < 1,500
Disinfection
• To kill things in pond and water.
– Virus.
– Bacteria.
– Fish.
– Carrier such as wild shrimp and crab.
Kind of disinfectant • Chlorine. • BKC. • Formalin. • Potassium permanganate (KMnO4). • Iodine. • Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). • Dipterex (Trichlofon) crustacide • Tea seed cake • Copper Sulfate
Water Preparation Before Stocking
• Physical Parameter as Transparency and water color
• Chemical Parameter as pH, Alkalinity, Ammonia, Nitrite, DO and Mineral.
• Biological Parameter as Vibrio and Plankton.
Physical Parameter
• Transparency : 40 – 50 cm shading Post larvae from sunlight.
• Water color : green, green brown or light brown.
• Natural Food*** for Post Larvae to promote the growth in early period.
Water color/Plankton.
• Why have to bloom up plankton ?
– Reduce shrimp stress from sun light.
– Promote natural food for shrimp.
– Plankton will utilize nitrogen waste in pond/ reduce toxic gas from nitrogen waste.
– Plankton is a biggest oxygen producer in pond in day time (be careful in night time they not produce oxygen but consume it).
Fertilization
• Organic fertilizer. – Rice brand.
• Chemical fertilizer. – Urea (46 – 0 – 0) – Phosphate (16 – 20 – 0 or 10 – 46 – 0). – TSP ( 16 – 16 – 16).
• Lime – Dolomite.
• Organic fertilizer and Lime will create up plankton slow but stable. • Chemical fertilizer will create up plankton fast but less stable.
Poor color(Clear Water color), can see pond bottom. Less plankton or natural Food.
Good water color. Natural food suitable for Post Larvae.
Narrators by Rachan Sasirajpornchai & Phairoch Nimitgulphaiboon
Green yellow shading (Low salinity < 10 ppt)
Narrators by Rachan Sasirajpornchai & Phairoch Nimitgulphaiboon
Green brown shading (Salinity 15-25 ppt)
Natural food/Pond Primary productivity
• Bottom up Ecosystem Development – Starts with soil preparation
• pH • Rice bran • Probiotics
– A healthy bottom often gives rise to healthy primary production
• Fertilization of the water – Usually not necessary in extensive ponds – Fertilizers can be added to stimulate algae blooms
(natural food in pond).
Monitoring water color • Secchi disc
• Suitable range 40 – 60 cm.
Simple Pond Monitor
Dissolved Oxygen • Should be 4-6ppm at all times
• Most critical parameter
• Typically lower – at night
– On cloudy or rainy days
• Significant effect on – Growth
– Health
– FCR
Diurnal (day/night) Pond Oxygen
• Due to algae’s effect on pond oxygen D.O.
• Highest in afternoon
• Lowest in early morning
pH • Monitored 2x/day
– 06:00
– 15:00
• Test Equipment – Colorimetric Test
– pH meter
• Follows diurnal cycle
• Excellent indicator of pond stability
• Fluctuates more when alkalinity is low
• Adjusted via control of algae and addition of buffering compounds
Total Ammonia Nitrogen
• Significant impact on – Algal growth – Health and immune response – Benthic community
• Comes from – Waste (Uneaten Feed, Feces) – Decomposition of Primary
Production – Poor quality supply water
Ammonia Control
• Feed Management
• Local Environment
• Addition of sugars
– 0.5ppm
– small addition at 10am on sunny day with good algae
– Bacteria will consume nitrogen
– Rice flour
Alkalinity
• Helps to buffer against changes in pH
• 120ppm to 180ppm ideal condition
• Compounds used to adjust alkalinity
– Dolomite
– Zeolite
– Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
– Sodium bicarbonate (Na2CO3)
– Burn Dolomitic Limestone (70%Mg : 30%Ca)
Chemical Parameter Parameter Range Remark
pH 7.0 – 8.5 Fluctuation < 0.5
Alkalinity 120 ppm Before stocking
Ammonia (NH3) < 0.15 ppm
Nitrite (NO2-) < 4.5 ppm
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) < 0.1 ppm
DO > 4 ppm
Calcium mineral (Ca2+) 400 ppm
Potassium (K+) 400 ppm
Magnesium (Mg2+) > 800 ppm
Hardness 4,000 – 5,000 ppm
Biological Parameter
• Vibrio spp.
– Total vibrio 102 CFU/cc Max
• Luminescent 0 CFU/cc.
Water Quality Monitoring Parameter Range Checking Remark
Transparency 50 – 30 cm Daily Check in afternoon
pH 7.0 – 8.5 Daily (AM,PM) Fluctuation < 0.5
Alkalinity 120 – 150ppm Weekly
Ammonia (NH3) < 0.15 ppm Weekly
Nitrite (NO2-) < 4.5 ppm Weekly
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) < 0.1 ppm Weekly
DO > 4 ppm Daily
Calcium mineral (Ca2+) 400 ppm Weekly
Potassium (K+) 380 ppm Weekly
Magnesium (Mg2+) > 800 ppm Weekly
Hardness 4,000 – 5,000 ppm
Weekly
Vibrio spp. < 5000 CFU/cc Weekly
Temperature 26-30 oC Daily (AM,PM)
Post Larvae • Specific pathogen free (SPF).
• PL15
• CV (Uniformity) < 10 %.
• Survival for Stress Test > 90 %.
• MGR min 4 : 1
• Active and Healthy.
• No external fouling.
Feeding Management
Feed calculation
• Rough guideline for feed
• Using the feed trays is the only way to make sure feeding is on target
• Feed adjustments should be considered daily
Feed tray Design Should be: • Large 0.6-1.0m2
• Weighted constructed of
• metal • Mosquito screen • Fishing line
• Easily Operated from a boat or float
Feed Tray Design 1
Feed tray frame is constructed of metal (preferably stainless steel) and covered
with Mosquito screen (PVC or Plastic).
Topa
Vista
0.6m
0.2m
0.2m
0.6m
Lado
Vista
3D
Vista
3D
Side View
Top View
Feed tray in pond
Feed tray checking time.
• Feeding time.
• Feed tray checking time.
Feeding Remaining & adjustments
Feed Remaining Feed remaining should be evaluated by a rating system.
This rating system will correspond to recommendations for changes in the daily feed ration.
Observation Rating Change in Feeding
No feed remaining(0) 0 5 - 10% increase in daily feed ration
Little feed (1-5%) 1 No Change
A lot (25-50%) 2 10 - 20% decrease in daily total or stop feeding
Excessive (>55%) 3 Stop feeding
It is important to remember that it is also the job of the sampling team to anticipate when the shrimp will require changes in the feeding rate and to give suggestions using the feed trays, common sense, and instinct.
Gut Content
Observation Color Indication Action
Gut Full Same as feed Feeding is accurate No change
Gut Full Same as Pond Bottom Feeding is low Increase 5-10%
Gut Full Pink or whitish-grey Cannibalism Stop feeding & sample
Gut Empty No color Under feeding Increase feed 5-10%
Shrimp Activity
• Look for strong activity and jumping when the feed tray is lifted
• Lethargic “Lazy” shrimp may be a sign of stress
Environmental Considerations
• Environmental – Algae crash – Suspend feeding – Temperatures are low (below 26oC) concentrate feeding on
the: • Late Morning • Afternoon
– Rain watch and adjust if neccesary
• Molting - feeding should be reduced during molting events
(typically just before the new and full moon)
New Full
Feed types
Feed type Shrimp
MBW (grm/pcs) Size (pcs/kg)
Supreme 961 0.04 – 0.8 25,000 – 1,250
Supreme 962 0.8 – 1.5 1,250 – 666
Supreme 963 1.5 – 3 666 – 333
Supreme 963S 3 – 5 333 - 200
Supreme 963P 5 – 10 200 – 100
Supreme 964 10 – 15 100 – 66
Supreme 964L 15 - 20 66 - 50
Supreme 965 20 up 50 up
Feed Storage and handling
• Stored out of the sun and rain
• Cool and dry place if possible
• Should use within four months
• Once opened, bags should be used quickly to avoid fungus and mold
How to maximize production
• Water quality.
• High protein feed.
• Why ???
Molting Process
Mo
ltin
g
Stage A
Stage B
Stage C
Stage D
Ref : Boonyarath Pratoomchat Ph.D.
Post Molt
Pre Molt
Age (day) Molting (time)
Total molting (time)
Molting lead
time (days)
ADG Body weight (gm)
Size (pieces/kg)
Young
shrimp
1-7 7
15-18
1 0.66 1500
8-15 4 2 0.066 1.00 1000
16-30 5 3 0.200 2.00 500
Adult
shrimp
31-45 2 4-6
7 0.333 5.00 200
46-60 2 8 0.222 10.00 100
Fattening
shrimp 61-90 3 2-4 9 16.66 60
Time molting ’s shrimps of each month.
Remark : ADG = Average Daily Growth
Joined study & research by Dr. Chalor L. & Dr. Boonyarath P.
GOLD COIN RESEARCH FARM RESULTS (June 2013) Adding Health+ to normal feed (3 ponds for each feed), earthen ponds in Indonesia at 91 pcs/m2 resulted in:
Higher survival Higher yield per ha
Less mortality from IMNV and Vibrio
Higher daily growth
15 days longer crop (2 early harvests for Control feed)
Better average selling price and revenue
GOLD COIN RESEARCH FARM RESULTS (June 2013)
Remark: all ponds affected by IMNV & Vibrio. 2 ponds fed control forced to harvest 3 weeks earlier due to daily mortalities
+16.7%
-13.2%
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
ADG (g/day) FCR
Normal
Health+
+15 days
+21.6%
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
DOC Survival (%)
Normal Health+
Adding Health+ to normal feed improved DOC, Survival, ADG and FCR compared to normal feed
GOLD COIN RESEARCH FARM RESULTS (June 2013)
Remark: all ponds affected by IMNV & Vibrio. 2 ponds fed control forced to harvest 3 weeks earlier due to daily mortalities
Adding Health+ to normal feed improved production (yield) and shrimp growth compared to normal feed
+64%
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
Yield (ton/ha)
Normal Health+
8.3
13.7
+38%
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
ABW (g)
Normal Health+
14.1
19.5
Profit improvement estimate based on feed cost
Feed Yield
(ton/Ha) Size
(pc/kg)
Feed cost
(RM/kg)
Revenue (RM/kg)
Difference (RM/kg)
Normal 8.3 74 6.3 15.1 8.8
Health+ 13.7 51 5.7 16.8 11.1
Increase in benefit 26%
Thank you
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