Management and Monitoring in P. monodon culture

Gold Coin Aqua Division Arfindee Abru

Jim Collins

Impact of Pond Preparation

Cleaning.

• After harvest ponds must be cleaned

– Soil Oxidation

– Waste removal

– Reconditioning

After harvest

Black color soil, need Oxygen

Dry out pond.

Dry until crack.

This leaves space for oxygen to penetrate below surface level.

Old pond, long time without culture.

• Cut and remove Grass.

• Drain out water, make pond bottom dry.

Grass

Water from leakage or raining.

Cleaning

In the case where there is little sludge, spray pond bottom with digestive microorganism after drying

Importance of Removing Sludge

Large accumulated waste piles should be removed • Waste Piles release toxins

• Ammonia • Hydrogen Sulfide

• Act as a reservoir of pathogenic bacteria

Remove sludge

• Dry method.

• Wet method.

Dry method.

Wet method.

Wet method for earth pond bottom

Wet method for plastic lined pond

Farms should incorporate waste treatment areas

• Oxidation ponds

• Typically 10-20% of farm area

• Used to oxidize and mineralize waste

• Prevent feedback loop pollution supply waters

Adjusting Soil pH

• Check soil pH.

• Separate area for checking.

• Suitable level > 5

Feeding zone

Sludge zone

Lime Application

Soil pH Quantity of CaCO3 lime

(kg/hectare)

Quantity of Ca(OH)2 lime

(kg/hectare)

> 6 < 1,000 < 500

5 to 6 < 2,000 < 1,000

< 5 < 3,000 < 1,500

Disinfection

• To kill things in pond and water.

– Virus.

– Bacteria.

– Fish.

– Carrier such as wild shrimp and crab.

Kind of disinfectant • Chlorine. • BKC. • Formalin. • Potassium permanganate (KMnO4). • Iodine. • Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). • Dipterex (Trichlofon) crustacide • Tea seed cake • Copper Sulfate

Water Preparation Before Stocking

• Physical Parameter as Transparency and water color

• Chemical Parameter as pH, Alkalinity, Ammonia, Nitrite, DO and Mineral.

• Biological Parameter as Vibrio and Plankton.

Physical Parameter

• Transparency : 40 – 50 cm shading Post larvae from sunlight.

• Water color : green, green brown or light brown.

• Natural Food*** for Post Larvae to promote the growth in early period.

Water color/Plankton.

• Why have to bloom up plankton ?

– Reduce shrimp stress from sun light.

– Promote natural food for shrimp.

– Plankton will utilize nitrogen waste in pond/ reduce toxic gas from nitrogen waste.

– Plankton is a biggest oxygen producer in pond in day time (be careful in night time they not produce oxygen but consume it).

Fertilization

• Organic fertilizer. – Rice brand.

• Chemical fertilizer. – Urea (46 – 0 – 0) – Phosphate (16 – 20 – 0 or 10 – 46 – 0). – TSP ( 16 – 16 – 16).

• Lime – Dolomite.

• Organic fertilizer and Lime will create up plankton slow but stable. • Chemical fertilizer will create up plankton fast but less stable.

Poor color(Clear Water color), can see pond bottom. Less plankton or natural Food.

Good water color. Natural food suitable for Post Larvae.

Narrators by Rachan Sasirajpornchai & Phairoch Nimitgulphaiboon

Green yellow shading (Low salinity < 10 ppt)

Narrators by Rachan Sasirajpornchai & Phairoch Nimitgulphaiboon

Green brown shading (Salinity 15-25 ppt)

Natural food/Pond Primary productivity

• Bottom up Ecosystem Development – Starts with soil preparation

• pH • Rice bran • Probiotics

– A healthy bottom often gives rise to healthy primary production

• Fertilization of the water – Usually not necessary in extensive ponds – Fertilizers can be added to stimulate algae blooms

(natural food in pond).

Monitoring water color • Secchi disc

• Suitable range 40 – 60 cm.

Simple Pond Monitor

Dissolved Oxygen • Should be 4-6ppm at all times

• Most critical parameter

• Typically lower – at night

– On cloudy or rainy days

• Significant effect on – Growth

– Health

– FCR

Diurnal (day/night) Pond Oxygen

• Due to algae’s effect on pond oxygen D.O.

• Highest in afternoon

• Lowest in early morning

pH • Monitored 2x/day

– 06:00

– 15:00

• Test Equipment – Colorimetric Test

– pH meter

• Follows diurnal cycle

• Excellent indicator of pond stability

• Fluctuates more when alkalinity is low

• Adjusted via control of algae and addition of buffering compounds

Total Ammonia Nitrogen

• Significant impact on – Algal growth – Health and immune response – Benthic community

• Comes from – Waste (Uneaten Feed, Feces) – Decomposition of Primary

Production – Poor quality supply water

Ammonia Control

• Feed Management

• Local Environment

• Addition of sugars

– 0.5ppm

– small addition at 10am on sunny day with good algae

– Bacteria will consume nitrogen

– Rice flour

Alkalinity

• Helps to buffer against changes in pH

• 120ppm to 180ppm ideal condition

• Compounds used to adjust alkalinity

– Dolomite

– Zeolite

– Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

– Sodium bicarbonate (Na2CO3)

– Burn Dolomitic Limestone (70%Mg : 30%Ca)

Chemical Parameter Parameter Range Remark

pH 7.0 – 8.5 Fluctuation < 0.5

Alkalinity 120 ppm Before stocking

Ammonia (NH3) < 0.15 ppm

Nitrite (NO2-) < 4.5 ppm

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) < 0.1 ppm

DO > 4 ppm

Calcium mineral (Ca2+) 400 ppm

Potassium (K+) 400 ppm

Magnesium (Mg2+) > 800 ppm

Hardness 4,000 – 5,000 ppm

Biological Parameter

• Vibrio spp.

– Total vibrio 102 CFU/cc Max

• Luminescent 0 CFU/cc.

Water Quality Monitoring Parameter Range Checking Remark

Transparency 50 – 30 cm Daily Check in afternoon

pH 7.0 – 8.5 Daily (AM,PM) Fluctuation < 0.5

Alkalinity 120 – 150ppm Weekly

Ammonia (NH3) < 0.15 ppm Weekly

Nitrite (NO2-) < 4.5 ppm Weekly

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) < 0.1 ppm Weekly

DO > 4 ppm Daily

Calcium mineral (Ca2+) 400 ppm Weekly

Potassium (K+) 380 ppm Weekly

Magnesium (Mg2+) > 800 ppm Weekly

Hardness 4,000 – 5,000 ppm

Weekly

Vibrio spp. < 5000 CFU/cc Weekly

Temperature 26-30 oC Daily (AM,PM)

Post Larvae • Specific pathogen free (SPF).

• PL15

• CV (Uniformity) < 10 %.

• Survival for Stress Test > 90 %.

• MGR min 4 : 1

• Active and Healthy.

• No external fouling.

Feeding Management

Feed calculation

• Rough guideline for feed

• Using the feed trays is the only way to make sure feeding is on target

• Feed adjustments should be considered daily

Feed tray Design Should be: • Large 0.6-1.0m2

• Weighted constructed of

• metal • Mosquito screen • Fishing line

• Easily Operated from a boat or float

Feed Tray Design 1

Feed tray frame is constructed of metal (preferably stainless steel) and covered

with Mosquito screen (PVC or Plastic).

Topa

Vista

0.6m

0.2m

0.2m

0.6m

Lado

Vista

3D

Vista

3D

Side View

Top View

Feed tray in pond

Feed tray checking time.

• Feeding time.

• Feed tray checking time.

Feeding Remaining & adjustments

Feed Remaining Feed remaining should be evaluated by a rating system.

This rating system will correspond to recommendations for changes in the daily feed ration.

Observation Rating Change in Feeding

No feed remaining(0) 0 5 - 10% increase in daily feed ration

Little feed (1-5%) 1 No Change

A lot (25-50%) 2 10 - 20% decrease in daily total or stop feeding

Excessive (>55%) 3 Stop feeding

It is important to remember that it is also the job of the sampling team to anticipate when the shrimp will require changes in the feeding rate and to give suggestions using the feed trays, common sense, and instinct.

Gut Content

Observation Color Indication Action

Gut Full Same as feed Feeding is accurate No change

Gut Full Same as Pond Bottom Feeding is low Increase 5-10%

Gut Full Pink or whitish-grey Cannibalism Stop feeding & sample

Gut Empty No color Under feeding Increase feed 5-10%

Shrimp Activity

• Look for strong activity and jumping when the feed tray is lifted

• Lethargic “Lazy” shrimp may be a sign of stress

Environmental Considerations

• Environmental – Algae crash – Suspend feeding – Temperatures are low (below 26oC) concentrate feeding on

the: • Late Morning • Afternoon

– Rain watch and adjust if neccesary

• Molting - feeding should be reduced during molting events

(typically just before the new and full moon)

New Full

Feed types

Feed type Shrimp

MBW (grm/pcs) Size (pcs/kg)

Supreme 961 0.04 – 0.8 25,000 – 1,250

Supreme 962 0.8 – 1.5 1,250 – 666

Supreme 963 1.5 – 3 666 – 333

Supreme 963S 3 – 5 333 - 200

Supreme 963P 5 – 10 200 – 100

Supreme 964 10 – 15 100 – 66

Supreme 964L 15 - 20 66 - 50

Supreme 965 20 up 50 up

Feed Storage and handling

• Stored out of the sun and rain

• Cool and dry place if possible

• Should use within four months

• Once opened, bags should be used quickly to avoid fungus and mold

How to maximize production

• Water quality.

• High protein feed.

• Why ???

Molting Process

Mo

ltin

g

Stage A

Stage B

Stage C

Stage D

Ref : Boonyarath Pratoomchat Ph.D.

Post Molt

Pre Molt

Age (day) Molting (time)

Total molting (time)

Molting lead

time (days)

ADG Body weight (gm)

Size (pieces/kg)

Young

shrimp

1-7 7

15-18

1 0.66 1500

8-15 4 2 0.066 1.00 1000

16-30 5 3 0.200 2.00 500

Adult

shrimp

31-45 2 4-6

7 0.333 5.00 200

46-60 2 8 0.222 10.00 100

Fattening

shrimp 61-90 3 2-4 9 16.66 60

Time molting ’s shrimps of each month.

Remark : ADG = Average Daily Growth

Joined study & research by Dr. Chalor L. & Dr. Boonyarath P.

GOLD COIN RESEARCH FARM RESULTS (June 2013) Adding Health+ to normal feed (3 ponds for each feed), earthen ponds in Indonesia at 91 pcs/m2 resulted in:

Higher survival Higher yield per ha

Less mortality from IMNV and Vibrio

Higher daily growth

15 days longer crop (2 early harvests for Control feed)

Better average selling price and revenue

GOLD COIN RESEARCH FARM RESULTS (June 2013)

Remark: all ponds affected by IMNV & Vibrio. 2 ponds fed control forced to harvest 3 weeks earlier due to daily mortalities

+16.7%

-13.2%

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

ADG (g/day) FCR

Normal

Health+

+15 days

+21.6%

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

DOC Survival (%)

Normal Health+

Adding Health+ to normal feed improved DOC, Survival, ADG and FCR compared to normal feed

GOLD COIN RESEARCH FARM RESULTS (June 2013)

Remark: all ponds affected by IMNV & Vibrio. 2 ponds fed control forced to harvest 3 weeks earlier due to daily mortalities

Adding Health+ to normal feed improved production (yield) and shrimp growth compared to normal feed

+64%

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

Yield (ton/ha)

Normal Health+

8.3

13.7

+38%

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

ABW (g)

Normal Health+

14.1

19.5

Profit improvement estimate based on feed cost

Feed Yield

(ton/Ha) Size

(pc/kg)

Feed cost

(RM/kg)

Revenue (RM/kg)

Difference (RM/kg)

Normal 8.3 74 6.3 15.1 8.8

Health+ 13.7 51 5.7 16.8 11.1

Increase in benefit 26%

Thank you